Algae as third-generation materials: Exploring the emerging role in pharmaceutical applications

Abstract

Algae, encompassing a various array of species, offer a plethora of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, pigments, and lipids, all of which present immense potential for drug development and therapeutic innovations. This review discusses the biorefining approaches for value-adding pharmaceutical ingredients and different bioactive compounds extracted from algae. Biomaterials derived from carrageenan (red algae) are known for their versatile attributes, encompassing biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. In addition to their bioactive characteristics, carrageenan possesses antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, and anticoagulant properties. The intrinsic bioactive constituents of algae exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, ranging from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory to antiviral and anticancer properties. Algae-based materials can serve as drug carriers, encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, and thereby facilitating targeted drug delivery. This review underscores the evolving landscape of pharmaceutical applications wherein algae, as third-generation materials, are garnering attention owing to their diverse bioactive compounds and potential in drug delivery systems. With the ongoing innovations, the integration of algae-derived compounds into drug development is expected to pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions, thereby addressing current and future healthcare challenges.