Alexander of Alessandria’s Questions on Matter

Is prime matter the same as its potency (potentia), its readiness to take on the entire gamut of corporeal substantial forms? This question, arising from a passage in Averroes, lies at the core of later medieval hylomorphism and was hotly debated. The present article looks at three answers to the question by figures from the first half of the fourteenth century: Gerald Ot who takes a Scotistic approach to the issue, John of Jandun and Peter Auriol taking an Averroan tack, and John Buridan with a nominalistic outlook. The discussion reveals a diversity of positions on the nature of potency and its relation to actuality, and in the case of Buridan an unusual view at the heart of his matter theory: the direct inherence of accidental forms in prime matter.

What we perceive, according to James J. Gibson, are components of the ecological environment or, according to Edmund Husserl, components of the Lebenswelt, the life-world, of which we ourselves are a proper part; we do not perceive the world as physics conceives of it, nor do we each perceive our own personal phenomenal environment, which is immanent to consciousness. In the present article, the first of three main sections addresses the relation, in Gibson's view, between the ecological environment and the world of physics, including Gibson's proposed ecological science. This new science does not defer to physical science regarding what is actually there and can be perceived, there in the one and only world that exists, where we and all the animals live and which physicists and other scientists study. The second main section is concerned with Husserl's concept of the lifeworld, for which he too proposes a new science. The life-world consists of all that concretely exists and can give, by being perceived, meaning and validity to the claims of all the sciences, including the technique of physics. The third main section uses theoretical accounts and arguments from Gibson and Husserl to reject the fairly common doctrine in psychology and elsewhere that phenomenal matters comprise the intentional objects of perceptual consciousness. Indeed, the world we perceive is not a subjective or private world; it is not a world created by the mind or belonging to consciousness. Rather, as Husserl argued, we see the actual tree in the garden, and not a second, immanental tree which cannot burn.

Book synopsis: In the wake of the euro crisis, the European Union has been transformed in many ways. Is it now on the right track? The euro crisis, the steps taken to manage it, and the resulting transformations have triggered a necessary process of reconsidering economic governance in the European Union. This volume— the third in a series of annual editions tackling different aspects of governance— examines the long list of open political, legal, and economic questions related to the functioning and fundamental structure of the Union as a whole and the economic and monetary union in particular. Organised in three main sections, the contributions to this collection bring the perspectives of different academic disciplines to bear on the functional aspects of economic governance, the institutional transformations that have taken place, and their implications for the Union's legitimacy. A separate chapter looks at inequalities in perceptions of economic conditions and well-being within the European Union to identify trends particularly during the eurozone crisis. In doing so, the chapters in this volume take stock of the current situation, shed light on the dilemmas and challenges that must be recognised and addressed, and explore various options for the way ahead. The collection's ultimate goal is to assess whether the recent transformations lead EU governance in the right direction or require further adjustment.

“Interdisciplinary,” is a twentieth-century word. Interdisciplinary or interdisciplinary studies involve the combining of two or more academic disciplines or research into one activity. Ayurveda is classified into eight main sections, namely Kaya-General medicine, Bala – pediatrics including obstetrics, Graha-psychological disorders due to possession by evil spirits, urdhwaga-diseases of the head (eyes, ears, nose, throat and teeth), Shalya-Surgery, Damshtra-Toxicology, Jara-Geriatrics and rejuvenation and Vrisha – aphrodisiacs and the treatment of sterility. These areas can be conveniently classified into basic biomedical, behavioral, and clinical. There are many disciplines within each of these areas and significant overlap in and between these three major groupings. These overlapping of the areas can be considered as interdisciplinary approach of the ancient Indian medicine system. Again, over the course of time, many new additions were done in this science. In Sushruta Samhita sutrasthana chapter 4 in shloka 7, it is clearly written that by the study of a single science a man can never understand the true knowledge; hence, a physician should study as many allied branches of science as possible. Moreover, the physician who studies and practices medicine with all aspects is the true physician. So here, it is clearly indicated in Ayurveda science that an interdisciplinary approach is must to acquire the holistic knowledge of the science. The present article is an effort to explore the scope of interdisciplinary research in Ayurveda.

Belief research was introduced to mathematics education in the early 1980s. It challenged the primarily cognitive and mathematical agenda of the time by investigating the character and significance of mental meta-constructs called beliefs. Particular attention has ever since been paid to teachers’ beliefs and their role in instruction. Belief research has been troubled by conceptual and methodological problems since its early beginnings, and most of these are still unresolved. This indicates that it may be time to adopt a different perspective, if we are to understand the role of the teacher for the practices of the mathematics classroom. Elsewhere we have discussed the problems of belief research at some length and suggested an alternative that we call patterns-of-participation research (e.g. Skott, 2009, 2010). In the present article we briefly recapitulate some of the arguments underlying this suggestion, but our main interest is to use the patterns-of-participation approach for empirical purposes. Consequently the article consists of two main sections. First we summarise some of the problems of belief research and present the contours of our alternative, patterns-of-participation research. Second, we in a much longer section present and analyse data on the case of a teacher, Susanne, whom we follow prior to and after her graduation from college. The overall intention is to suggest a change of research perspective from beliefs to patterns of participation.

O presente artigo possui dois objetivos específicos e que estruturarão nosso texto. Em primeiro lugar, apresentaremos a midiologia de Régis Debray, destacando-lhe alguns de seus aspectos, postos em seguida em interface com os Estudos do Discurso. Em segundo lugar, a partir do conceito de suporte presente nas obras do autor francês, desenvolveremos teoricamente à luz dos Estudos do Discurso o conceito de suporte discursivo e sustentaremos sua relevância como uma ferramenta de análise que seja cara à análise do discurso.

The present article is a survey of ESI and MALDI mass spectrometric analysis of nucleic acid oligomers and polymers. In order to limit the extent of the review, mass spectrometry of mononucleotides is generally not considered, except where such data are important for an understanding of the analysis of larger nucleic acids. The first part of the review is a condensed description of the structure and the acid-base properties of nucleic acids. The remaining part is divided into three main sections, dealing with the practical aspects of the two ionization techniques, fragmentation, and applications, respectively. The first section includes an extensive discussion of experimental parameters and problems, which are important for the analysis of different types of nucleic acid samples, including noncovalent complexes and mixtures. At the end of this section, as well as the following one, a comparison between MALDI and ESI as ionization techniques for nucleic acid is given. In addition to a detailed discussion of ion fragmentation, the fragmentation section includes an overview of the direct mass spectrometric sequencing of nucleic acids performed with either technique. The fragmentation reactions occurring upon MALDI and ESI are compared. The last section describes the life science applications of ESI-MS and MALDI-MS of nucleic acids; an account of experiments demonstrating the potential of a method, and of the bona fide solving of problems by ESI and MALDI is given. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The 2008 financial crisis opened the doors of green capitalism as a financially sound approach to saving the planet from the worst effects of the climate emergency. The emphasis on the role of finance in promoting “green growth” has permeated mainstream political, academic and business approaches to climate change adaptation and mitigation, assuming multiple forms - from the carbon markets of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, to the Environmental, Social and Governance taxonomy for “green” investments, to the proliferation of sustainable labels in several economic sectors. The present article offers a critical appraisal of one of the most prominent arguments that upholds the idea that it is possible and desirable to achieve sustainability and economic growth through finance: green bonds. Green bonds are debt instruments whose proceeds are earmarked to fund projects with supposedly environmental benefits. After some years in the background, they now occupy a central position in the green recovery narrative and political framework all over the world. Most of the academic literature tends to naturalize green bonds as an eminently technical solution to reconcile economic growth and environmental sustainability. Filling an epistemological gap, the present article leverages a world-ecology approach to embed the financial phenomenon of green bonds within the broader picture of the capitalist political economy and the expansion of its ecological frontier. In light of the ongoing experiences that the authors have been following in the Brazilian legal, financial and political context, the article unpacks and makes sense of green bonds as a tool in the hands of climate finance that reproduces global patterns of North-South uneven development and the shifting of ecological costs. To test the potential of the “interpretative framework” offered by a world-ecology approach, we mobilize it in the concrete case of green bonds issuances directed to fund the forestry sector in Brazil. Aware that the current phenomenon only represents a blip in comparison to the largeer temporal (the longue dureé) and spatial (the world system) scales usually deployed by world-ecology, we nonetheless discuss how the ideological, technical and power dynamics behind the issuance of green bonds unleash capital accumulation, produce a financialized and subordinated construction of nature, and entail an institutional arrangement. The article is organized around 3 main sections. After the introduction, section 1 describes green bonds as one of the most fashionable financial topics of the moment, and one that promotes a shift in discourses towards the need of actively building a “green economy”. Although from a legal standpoint green bonds embody no significant difference from regular bonds, our focus is to describe the promises around them, the current (private) governance structure, and the trends in the issuance of these debt instruments both in the Global North and South, with a specific focus on the case of Brazil. In section 2, we look at the operations of green bonds emissions on the ground, i.e. taking as an example the context of green debt underpinning the Brazilian forestry sector. The analysis reveals how the emissions, made predominantly by large multinational companies actively present on the global market, feed off great efforts deployed by both the public and the private sector in constructing an image of the sector as a key player in the emergent “bioeconomy” and in the strengthening of Brazil’s goals in the Paris Agreement. However, we describe how green bond revenues that are officially committed to the implementation of “sustainable management of forests” are associated with the expansion of the ecological frontier in the Brazilian territory, stretching the boundaries of the area dedicated to tree plantations and amplifying social and environmental tensions. The backstage of the emissions shows how capital accumulation through green bonds is associated with the co-production of nature for the purpose of accumulation, generating concerns that are often diluted or transformed into procedural requirements. Debt generated by the subscription of green bonds, we argue, is not only financial, but also social and ecological. In section 3, we put forward that for private accumulation to be successful, green bonds in the forestry sector demand an institutional arrangement that combines state support and private governance of debt in its financial, social and ecological dimensions. Rather than being the result of an idealized and spontaneous market, a set of institutional transformations have to be considered in order to comprehend the feasibility of green bonds in the Brazilian forestry sector. We thus describe the historic connection between forestry and the state, the endless public incentives to put nature to work, the functional adaptations of the Brazilian environmental legislation and the regulation concerning the demarcation, access and use of land. In this context, we argue that green bonds add yet a new institutional layer to the process of creating and validating specific forms of nature, through a governance structure that dilutes the tensions between the promise of environmental benefits and its concrete negative social and environmental impacts. We conclude the article by reassembling these findings as part of the capitalist world ecology “dialectical unity” of capital accumulation, co-production of nature and power. We suggest that the world-ecology approach allows us to grasp green bonds as a complex form that has so far been ignored in the relevant literature. As any other phenomenon of financialization, a green bond should not be understood in isolation from its material basis, since it is from that basis – and its social and environmental conditions and contradictions – that it appropriates value. As the example of the Brazilian forestry sector illuminates, the “greenness” of the financial debt inscribed in green bonds may come into existence at the expense of the social and environmental debt that underlie the forestry sector productive model. Hence, although the explicit inclusion of “environmental concerns” into financial considerations and project implementation has been praised as a step towards the recognition that finance has a material impact on the planet and that these externalities shall be accounted for, the article warns of the typical green arithmetic move put forward by green bonds. Green bonds inevitably co-produce nature and social relations, but in a very unequal way that emphasizes capital accumulation and that does not necessarily protect the environment (even when standards are introduced). Much to the contrary, green bonds may come into being at the expense of other ways of living ecologically, and by restoring injustices of the past and creating a regenerative future - in other words, by creating debt.

The article examines Ḫātūn Baġdād (The Lady of Baghdad), a novel written in Arabic by the Iraqi author Šākir Nūrī and published in 2017. The literary text revolves around the character of Gertrude Bell, an icon of British Orientalism, and draws on her earlier media representations. The present article thus indicates how Nūrī’s novel, considered a medium of memory, participates in the remediation of Bell’s image in the context of Iraq’s modern history. In its three main sections, discussed are the Iraqi writer’s views on the relationships between the novel and history, literature and other arts, and the impact of these relations on the narrative structure of Ḫātūn Baġdād. The article likewise scrutinizes both the heroine’s attitude in the novel towards her colonial mission in Iraq and the country’s inhabitants, and Iraqi characters’ perceptions of Bell. The article refers to several studies in cultural memory, Orientalism, and postcolonial literature.

The recently proposed Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project has the potential to stimulate new research and overcome many of the limitations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders taxonomy. In the present article we focus, in three main sections, on how theory and research from developmental psychopathology can inform RDoC. First, we discuss the ontology of mental illness and the potential advantages of the RDoC approach to understanding the nature of mental illness. Second, we note potential issues to consider when implementing the RDoC framework, including (a) integrating developmental processes, (b) classifying mental illness within a dimensional approach, and (c) avoiding problems associated with biological reductionism. Third, we describe how a developmental psychopathology perspective may inform each of these potential issues within RDoC. Finally, we highlight the study of emotion and the centrality of affective processes within the RDoC framework. Specifically, we describe how constructionist models of emotion are consistent with developmental psychopathology and how this perspective on emotion can help to guide RDoC research.

A fluência é uma habilidade que envolve a participação de múltiplos sistemas neurais, principalmente, dos processamentos da linguagem, fala, voz e audição. Tais interfaces justificam a necessidade de considerar na dinâmica avaliativa fonoaudiológica, suas interações com os demais conteúdos específicos da Fonoaudiologia. O presente artigo de cunho teórico, consiste em uma revisão não-sistemática da literatura que objetiva discutir acerca do processo de avaliação fonoaudiológica da fluência, mediante uma perspectiva de integralidade do cuidado. Tal discussão visa contribuir para a consolidação do caráter transversal da fluência na literatura nacional, coerente com a complexidade da sua natureza neurofisiológica; bem como favorecer ao fonoaudiólogo, informações e reflexões necessárias para a sua aplicabilidade em contexto prático. Para isso, estruturou-se esta comunicação em duas principais seções: apresentação do processo de avaliação da fluência, e discussão acerca da avaliação integrada da fluência. Dessa forma, conclui-se que, para uma avaliação fonoaudiológica integrada da fluência é necessário ir além da identificação das rupturas e realização dos cálculos de velocidade de fala. Requer conhecimento aprofundado sobre a natureza da fluência, enquanto habilidade e área da Fonoaudiologia, para o exercício do raciocínio clínico integrado que contemple a unicidade de cada sujeito, bem como suas necessidades comunicativas para além da queixa, vislumbrando a saúde da sua comunicação.

Caloric vestibular stimulation (CVS) is a simple physiological manipulation that has been used for a long time in different clinical fields due to its rapid and relevant effects on behaviour. One of the most debated issues in this research field concerns the degree of specificity of such stimulation, namely whether the effects of CVS can be, and to what extent are, independent of the mere influence of non-specific factors such as general arousal, ocular movements or attentional shift towards the stimulated side. The hypothesis that CVS might cause a shift of attention towards the side of the stimulation has been largely supported; moreover, a large amount of evidence is available nowadays to corroborate the specific effect of CVS, providing behavioural and neurophysiological data in both patients and normal subjects. These data converge in indicating that the effects of CVS can be independent of eye deviation and general arousal, can modulate different symptoms in different directions, and do not merely depend on a general shift of attention. The present article is divided into three main sections. In the first section, we describe classical studies that investigate the effects of CVS on neglect and related symptoms. In the second and third parts, we provide an overview of the modulatory effects of CVS on somatosensory processes and body representation in both brain-damaged patients and healthy subjects. Finally, we conclude by discussing the relevance of these new findings for the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of CVS.

In recent years interest in the thermodynamic properties of substances at very high temperatures and pressures has increased. For our present pur­ poses, we may define high temperatures and high pressures to be conditions under which any material of which an experimental apparatus might be made cannot long maintain its integrity, i.e., T >3000°C. and P > 2 X 105 atm. Such temperatures and pressures have long been of interest in geophysi­ cal (19, 50, 114 to 116) and astrophysical (7, 117 to 119) applications. More recently, these conditions have been attained and measured in transient ex­ periments. Since the experimental techniques are so difficult, a large role has necessarily been played by theoretical calculations. The present article will be divided into three main sections. The first will be devoted to the so-called Thomas-Fermi method which is most appropriate to matter at high densities, the second to a discussion of recent experimental developments, and the third to theoretical methods, most appropriate at low densities, which treat matter as a mixture of chemically reacting ideal gases. In a still very illuminating review of this subject written in 1936 Hund (124) has shown how the variation of the density of matter over a very wide range of temperature and pressure can be sketched from simple quantum and statistical mechanical ideas. At sufficiently low temperatures and laboratory pressures, the thermo­ dynamically stable state for all substances is a condensed phase, either liquid or solid, with a density which is nearly independent of temperature and pres­ sure, but highly dependent on position in the periodic table. The binding energy per atom corresponds to temperatures varying from tens and hun­ dreds of degrees for molecular crystals to several thousands of degrees for ionic or valence crystals; the atomic volumes of elements vary tenfold from transition elements to the alkali metals (and crystalline rare gases) which are the largest. As the temperature is increased at a fixed pressure of say one atm. the condensed phase becomes unstable against a gaseous phase which may consist entirely of atoms or more frequently atoms bound together by chemical valence forces into molecules. At temperatures of perhaps 2 X 1040K. all effects of chemical binding have disappeared. Above 2 X 104°K., ionization becomes increasingly important up to about 1060K. when all of the electrons

When looking for novel, simple, and energy-efficient solutions to engineering problems, nature has proved to be an incredibly valuable source of inspiration. The development of acoustic sensors has been a prolific field for bioinspired solutions. With a diverse array of evolutionary approaches to the problem of hearing at small scales (some widely different to the traditional concept of 'ear'), insects in particular have served as a starting point for several designs. From locusts to moths, through crickets and mosquitoes among many others, the mechanisms found in nature to deal with small-scale acoustic detection and the engineering solutions they have inspired are reviewed. The present article is comprised of three main sections corresponding to the principal problems faced by insects, namely frequency discrimination, which is addressed by tonotopy, whether performed by a specific organ or directly on the tympana; directionality, with solutions including diverse adaptations to tympanal structure; and detection of weak signals, through what is known as active hearing. The three aforementioned problems concern tiny animals as much as human-manufactured microphones and have therefore been widely investigated. Even though bioinspired systems may not always provide perfect performance, they are sure to give us solutions with clever use of resources and minimal post-processing, being serious contenders for the best alternative depending on the requisites of the problem.

There is a mutually constitutive relationship between Nordoff-Robbins music therapy (NRMT) and music-cen- tered music therapy.1 The former term designates an overall approach to music therapy with specific theories, intervention strategies, techniques, modes of research, forms of assess- ment and evaluation, and values; the latter term designates a stance that one can take (much like being client-centered or directive) that can be implemented within a variety of clinical approaches. The present article draws connections between the clinical model of NRMT and the particular perspective represented by music-centered thinking.The article begins with a brief introduction to the philosoph- ical foundations underlying music-centered thinking, expand- ing on ideas from the philosopher John Dewey and the music philosopher, David Elliott. The first of two main sections that follow includes a more detailed look at some of the central aspects of music-centered music therapy and shows how par- ticular components of NRMT reflect these elements of music-centered thinking. The second main section reverses this analytical strategy and analyzes a few of the core notions of NRMT to show how music-centered precepts are present within them.Music-centered ideas were implicit in the origins of NRMT in 1958 when its two developers, Paul Nordoff and Clive Robbins, first met. A music-centered perspective was reflected in the phrase they employed to describe their work as the art of music as therapy.2 The first published appear- ance of the term music-centered as a descriptor of music therapy was in the mid-1980s in the name of the The Bonny Foundation: An Institute for Music-Centered Therapies, founded by Helen Bonny, Barbara Hesser, and Carolyn Kenny. Subsequent uses of the term were made almost exclusively by authors writing about guided imagery and music (GIM) or NRMT, although this is not to say that the approach is limited to those models.While music-centered thinking informed the origins of NRMT, the detailed clinical explorations and reports of scores of NR therapists working since 1959 offer a unique contribu- tion to the general theory of music-centered music therapy. Hence, the focus of the present article is to detail some of the ways that the theory and practice of NRMT reflect underlying music-centered principles.There is a wide spectrum of practice under the umbrella of NRMT. While the overall perspective of the model is music- centered, there is a diversity of opinion regarding issues such as whether or not music-centered precepts complement or contradict psychodynamic considerations. However, even those practitioners such as Alan Turry (1998) who comfortably integrate psychodynamic practices within NRMT do so in a way that acknowledges the music-centeredness that provides the foundation for the model. And just as music-centered thinking is not restricted to practitioners of NRMT, these prac- titioners are not restricted to thinking only in music-centered ways. Given these caveats, all of the discussions regarding the connections between music-centered thinking and NRMT should be understood as tendencies rather than as strict delin- eations. Moreover, NRMT is not a uniform practice. In the material that follows, general statements about what NRMT consists of should be understood primarily as referring to the form of practice that characterized its originators rather than to the model as a whole, which includes some contemporary variations.Origins and Definition of Music-Centered Music TherapyA number of factors are driving the contemporary develop- ment of music-centered thinking in music therapy.Personal dimension. The music-centered perspective in music therapy is deeply rooted in one's personal experience in music. Consequently, it is relevant to detail some of my own reasons for developing this perspective. My motivation to do music therapy stems from musical experiences that have enriched my life immeasurably. …