Aldosterone Contributes to Blood Pressure Variance and to Likelihood of Hypertension in Normal-Weight and Overweight African Americans

Abstract

Hypertension and obesity are highly prevalent among African Americans (AAs). We have previously reported that both plasma aldosterone (PA) and body mass index (BMI) are higher in hypertensive than in normotensive AAs. This study evaluates the relative contributions of adiposity and PA to hypertension in AAs. A total of 466 AAs (50% hypertensive, 51% women) were evaluated in a Clinical Research Center by stratifying them into three subgroups based on BMI (normal weight, overweight, and obese). Anthropometric measurements, ambulatory blood pressure (BP), fasting glucose, insulin, 24-h urine sodium and potassium, creatinine clearance, standing PA and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment. Compared to normotensives, hypertensives had higher BMI, waist circumference (WC), and were more insulin resistant (P < or = 0.01). When stratified by BMI, hypertensives in each BMI strata had higher PA (P < or = 0.05) and lower PRA (P < or = 0.01) compared to normotensives. Compared to normotensives, WC was greater in overweight and obese hypertensives, but not in normal-weight hypertensives. In the overall sample, age, WC, PA, and PRA were the major contributors to BP variance and to hypertension. Among normal-weight subjects, PA and PRA significantly predicted BP and the odds ratio for hypertension, whereas WC had no predictive value. PA, but not WC, is associated with BP and likelihood of hypertension in normal-weight AAs, whereas both WC and PA are predictive of hypertension in overweight and obese individuals. This suggests that aldosterone antagonists may be useful for the treatment of hypertension among AAs, regardless of BMI.