Abstract
BackgroundMaintenance of seed viability is an important factor for seedling vigour and plant establishment. Lipid peroxidation mediated reactive carbonyl compounds (RCC’s) and non-enzymatic modifications of proteins through Maillard and Amadori products reduce seed viability and seedling vigour.ResultsIn this study, the relevance of RCCs on genotypic variation in rice seed viability and overexpression of an aldo-ketoreductase (AKR1) enzyme that detoxify cytotoxic compounds to improve seed viability and vigour was studied. Physiological and biochemical approaches were integrated to quantify the variation in seed viability and seedling vigour in rice genotypes after exposing to ageing treatment. AKR1 was overexpressed in a susceptible rice genotype and tobacco to study the relevance of reduced RCC’s on seed viability and seedling vigour. The glycation and lipid peroxidation compounds accumulated after accelerated ageing treatments in rice genotypes. The accumulation of malondialdehyde, methyl glyoxal, Maillard and Amadori products affected the seed viability and germination as they showed a significant negative relationship. The transgenic rice and tobacco seeds expressing AKR1 showed lower levels of cytotoxic compounds and glycation products that resulted in improved seed viability and seedling vigour in rice and tobacco.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that, reactive cytotoxic compounds affect the seed viability during storage. Detoxification of reactive cytotoxic compounds by Aldo-keto reductases is one of the mechanisms to improve the seed longevity during storage.
Highlights
Maintenance of seed viability is an important factor for seedling vigour and plant establishment
Lipid degradation caused by phospholipase D (PLD) activity is known to be responsible for seed deterioration in Arabidopsis (Wang et al, 2012)
High temperature and humidity during seed storage affect seed viability in rice genotypes To assess the variability in seed viability, the rice genotypes were exposed to accelerated ageing (AA) treatment for 4, 6 and 8 days at 45 °C with 100% relative humidity
Summary
Maintenance of seed viability is an important factor for seedling vigour and plant establishment. Lipid peroxidation mediated reactive carbonyl compounds (RCC’s) and non-enzymatic modifications of proteins through Maillard and Amadori products reduce seed viability and seedling vigour. Accumulation of lipid peroxides lead to the production of reactive carbonyl compounds (RCCs) that are α, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. These RCS include melondialdehyde (MDA), acrolein, 4-Hydroxy(E)-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-Hydroxy-(E)-2-hexenal (HHE) are most reactive and toxic that diffuse across the membrane with longer half-life and modify the proteins and nucleic acids (Sayre et al, 2006; Mano, 2012). Oxidative stress is the primary cause to produce many long lived cytotoxic RCCs that form aggregates with proteins and lipids that generates advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) which affect metabolic pathways (Ott et al, 2014; Semchyshyn, 2014)
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