Alcoholic beverage consumption, changes in blood pressure, and incidence of hypertension in the Longitudinal Adult Health Study (ELSA-Brasil)

Abstract

ObjectivesAlcohol consumption is generally associated with increased risk of hypertension. We aimed to investigate, prospectively, the effect of alcoholic-beverage consumption on blood pressure (BP) and incidence of hypertension, after a 4-y follow-up, in participants of the Longitudinal Adult Health Study (ELSA-Brasil). MethodsWe analyzed information from 3,990 participants (ages 35–74 y), men and women, from educational and research institutions, at baseline (2008–2010) and follow-up (2012–2014). Socioeconomic, hemodynamic, anthropometric, and health data were collected. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg and/or use of antihypertensive medication. Change in alcohol consumption (g/d) was estimated by subtracting total consumed at follow-up from total consumed at baseline, and was categorized in tertiles. ResultsThe consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with changes in BP and hypertension only in men. Individuals who reduced total consumption of alcohol showed a smaller increase in systolic BP (1.1 versus 2.3 mm Hg; P = 0.03) and diastolic BP (1.3 versus 2.2 mm Hg; P = 0.008) compared to individuals who increased consumption. In addition, individuals in the highest tertiles of total consumption of alcohol (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.29) and consumption of beer (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.07–12.13), wine (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.01–2.86), and spirits (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21–3.32) showed higher odds ratios for hypertension compared to the lowest tertile. ConclusionsIncreased consumption of alcoholic beverages was positively associated with increased BP levels and higher chances of developing hypertension in men.