Abstract
Background/AimThe association between alcohol consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis is still unclear. Using data from a European multicentre study, we assess subclinical atherosclerosis and its 30-month progression by carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) measurements, and correlate this information with self-reported data on alcohol consumption.MethodsBetween 2002–2004, 1772 men and 1931 women aged 54–79 years with at least three risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recruited in Italy, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland. Self-reported alcohol consumption, assessed at baseline, was categorized as follows: none (0 g/d), very-low (0 − 5 g/d), low (> 5 to ≤ 10 g/d), moderate (> 10 to ≤ 20 g/d for women, > 10 to ≤ 30 g/d for men) and high (> 20 g/d for women, > 30 g/d for men). C-IMT was measured in millimeters at baseline and after 30 months. Measurements consisted of the mean and maximum values of the common carotids (CC), internal carotid artery (ICA), and bifurcations (Bif) and whole carotid tree. We used quantile regression to describe the associations between C-IMT measures and alcohol consumption categories, adjusting for sex, age, physical activity, education, smoking, diet, and latitude.ResultsAdjusted differences between median C-IMT values in different levels of alcohol consumption (vs. very-low) showed that moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower C-IMTmax[− 0.17(95%CI − 0.32; − 0.02)], and Bif-IMTmean[− 0.07(95%CI − 0.13; − 0.01)] at baseline and decreasing C-IMTmean[− 0.006 (95%CI − 0.011; − 0.000)], Bif-IMTmean[− 0.016(95%CI − 0.027; − 0.005)], ICA-IMTmean[− 0.009(95% − 0.016; − 0.002)] and ICA-IMTmax[− 0.016(95%: − 0.032; − 0.000)] after 30 months. There was no evidence of departure from linearity in the association between alcohol consumption and C-IMT.ConclusionIn this European population at high risk of CVD, findings show an inverse relation between moderate alcohol consumption and carotid subclinical atherosclerosis and its 30-month progression, independently of several potential confounders.
Highlights
The relation between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis is still far from established
We aimed to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and subclinical atherosclerosis and its 30-month progression in a European multi-centre study including middle-aged men and women at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)
We considered the average of the mean (IMTmean) and the maximum (IMTmax) of the carotid intimamedia thickness (C-Intima Media Thickness (IMT)) measured in the whole carotid arteries and in specific segments i.e. common (CC-IMTmean, common carotids (CC)-IMTmax), bifurcation (BifIMTmean, Bif-IMTmax) and internal (ICA-IMTmean, ICAIMTmax)
Summary
The relation between alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis is still far from established. Atherosclerosis, the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), is a complex chronic low–grade inflammatory disease involving accumulation of lipids and inflammatory markers in the arteries [1, 2]. European Journal of Nutrition (2021) 60:123–134 of incident CVD [3]. Low-moderate alcohol consumption, corresponding to no more than three standard glasses per day in men and two in women, has previously been shown to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, fibrinolytic, and lipid-lowering effects, and to decrease the risk of CVD [4,5,6,7]. Higher alcohol consumption has been associated with increased inflammation, oxidation, and increased risk of CVD [4, 8]
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