Abstract
Background and MethodologyA low ankle-to-brachial index (ABI) is a strong correlate of cardiovascular disease and subsequent mortality. The relationship between ABI and alcohol consumption remains unclear. Data are from the Cardiovascular Risk Survey (CRS), a multiple-ethnic, community-based, cross-sectional study of 14 618 Chinese people (5 757 Hans, 4 767 Uygurs, and 4 094 Kazakhs) aged 35 years and over at baseline from Oct. 2007 to March 2010. The relationship between alcohol intake and ABI was determined by use of analysis of covariance and multivariable regressions.Principal FindingsIn men, alcohol consumption was significantly associated with ABI (P<0.001). After adjusted for the confounding factors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, work stress, diabetes, and fasting blood glucose, the difference remained significant (P<0.001); either the unadjusted or multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for peripheral artery disease (PAD) was significantly higher in men who consumed >60.0 g/d [OR = 3.857, (95% CI: 2.555–5.824); OR = 2.797, (95% CI: 1.106–3.129); OR = 2.878, (95% CI: 1.215–4.018); respectively] and was significantly lower in men who consumed 20.1–40.0 g/d [OR = 0.330, (95% CI: 0.181–0.599); OR = 0.484, (95% CI: 0.065–0.894); OR = 0.478, (95% CI: 0.243–1.534); respectively] and 40.1–60.0 g/d [OR = 0.306, (95% CI: 0.096–0.969); OR = 0.267, (95% CI: 0.087–0.886); OR = 0.203, (95% CI: 0.113–0.754); respectively] compared with never drinking, respectively (all P<0.01). Neither in unadjusted nor in multivariate-adjusted model was the association between ABI and alcohol consumption significant (all P>0.05) in women. Similarly, PAD was not correlated with alcohol intake in women (all P>0.05).Conclusions/SignificanceOur results indicated that in Chinese men, alcohol consumption was associated with peripheral artery disease, and consumption of less than 60 g/d had an inverse association with peripheral atherosclerosis whereas consumption of 60 g/d or more had a positive association.
Highlights
The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI), which is the ratio of ankle to brachial systolic blood pressure, is the golden standard for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is a highly specific method for the assessment of vascular risk in otherwise asymptomatic patients [1]
Alcohol consumption and ankle-to-brachial index (ABI) and PAD As was shown in table 4, we observed a significant increase in ABI with increased alcohol consumption up to daily intake levels of 60 g in men
Either the unadjusted or multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for PAD was significantly higher in men who consumed .60.0 g/d [OR = 3.857,; OR = 2.797,; OR = 2.878,; respectively] and was significantly lower in men who consumed 20.1–40.0 g/d [OR = 0.330,; OR = 0.484,; OR = 0.478,; respectively] and 40.1–60.0 g/d [OR = 0.306,; OR = 0.267,; OR = 0.203,; respectively] compared with never drinking, respectively
Summary
The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI), which is the ratio of ankle to brachial systolic blood pressure, is the golden standard for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and is a highly specific method for the assessment of vascular risk in otherwise asymptomatic patients [1]. The American Heart Association (AHA) Prevention Conference V suggested that the ABI is a strong and independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and recommended it be used to detect subclinical disease in the prevention of cardiovascular mortality and stroke [2,3]. An ABI value ,0.9 is widely acknowledged to indicate an abnormally low level [4] and several studies have shown that a low ABI was an independent predictor of increased risk of fatal myocardial infarction [5] and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality [6]. Up to date, the relationship between ABI, an independent predictor of CVD, with alcohol intake remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption and ABI in Chinese population. The relationship between ABI and alcohol consumption remains unclear. The relationship between alcohol intake and ABI was determined by use of analysis of covariance and multivariable regressions
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