Abstract
Background: In light of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Indonesia implemented large-scale social restrictions (pembatasan sosial berskala besar/PSBB) to combat the spread of COVID-19, which might influence addictive behaviors. The current study aimed to explore the fluctuation of substance use during the pandemic and association of physical distancing and related factors toward consumption of alcohol and cigarettes.Method: An online survey was conducted from April 28 to June 1, 2020. Data regarding sociodemographic information, physical distancing profile, alcohol and cigarette usages, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), Symptom Checklist-90, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were collected. A total of 4,584 respondents from all 34 provinces in Indonesia completed the survey. Data were summarized descriptively and analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA, and multinomial regression on SPSS 23.0 for Windows.Results: This study found that during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia alcohol consumption was 9.50% and daily cigarette smoking was 20.3%. Around 44.5% and 47.6% of respondents reported stable alcohol consumption and cigarette consumption, respectively. The mean AUDIT score was 3.52 ± 4.66 and the mean CDS score was 24.73 ± 8.86. Physical distancing was not correlated to any substance use changes. Increased alcohol consumption was negatively correlated with being unmarried and positively correlated with a higher PSQI score. Decreased alcohol use positively correlated with living in PSBB-implementing provinces and higher AUDIT scores when compared to stable alcohol drinking. Increased cigarette smoking was positively correlated with being male, unmarried, and higher CDS scores. Reduced cigarette smoking was negatively correlated with living in provinces implementing PSBB, higher CDS scores, and phobic anxiety, hostility, and psychoticism subscales of SCL-90.Discussion and Conclusion: The prevalence of alcohol and cigarette consumption changes showed a similar trend with other available studies in other countries. This study established that substance use was mainly sustained with a smaller proportion of respondents amplifying their substance usages. The changes were correlated with PSBB policy but not the practice of physical distancing. Psychiatry and addiction services in Indonesia should be strengthened to cope with the increased burden of psychological distress. Future studies should conduct more comparisons to determine whether the overall rising intensity of consumption was maintained post-pandemic and delineate acute psychopathologies' effects on substance use.
Highlights
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of a novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Email for correspondence was provided for any inquiries. This online survey comprised a demographic section, substance use consumption detail [alcohol and daily cigarette consumptions since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, their perceived change of current use compared to before the pandemic, and the option of ‘do not use’ denoted have not used ever in life], physical distancing profile, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS), Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90), and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
The prevalence of the consumption of alcohol and daily cigarette smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic found in this study was 9.50% (N = 436) and 20.31% (N = 931)
Summary
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of a novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In response to the pandemic, the Indonesian government announced the implementation of large-scale social restrictions (pembatasan sosial berskala besar/PSBB) to accelerate COVID-19 eradication. Social (and physical) distancing and quarantine or isolation was meant to prevent further COVID-19 transmission; it could lead to the worsening of several negative psychological symptoms [6]. In some individuals, this could lead to unfavorable behavior such as substance abuse in order to relieve symptoms [7]. In light of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Indonesia implemented large-scale social restrictions (pembatasan sosial berskala besar/PSBB) to combat the spread of COVID-19, which might influence addictive behaviors. The current study aimed to explore the fluctuation of substance use during the pandemic and association of physical distancing and related factors toward consumption of alcohol and cigarettes
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