Abstract
BackgroundIncreasing the price of alcohol reduces alcohol consumption and harm. The role of food complementarity, transaction costs and inflation on alcohol demand are determined and discussed in relation to alcohol price policies.MethodsUK Biobank (N = 502,628) was linked by region to retail price quotes for the years 2007 to 2010. The log residual food and alcohol prices, and alcohol availability were regressed onto log daily alcohol consumption. Model standard errors were adjusted for clustering by region.ResultsAssociations with alcohol consumption were found for alcohol price (β = −0.56, 95% CI, −0.92 to −0.20) and availability (β = 0.06, 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.07). Introducing, food price reduced the alcohol price consumption association (β = −0.26, 95% CI, −0.50 to −0.03). Alcohol (B = 0.001, 95% CI, 0.0004 to 0.001) and food (B = 0.001, 95% CI, 0.0005 to 0.0006) price increased with time and were associated (ρ = 0.57, P < 0.001).ConclusionAlcohol and food are complements, and the price elasticity of alcohol reduces when the effect of food price is accounted for. Transaction costs did not affect the alcohol price consumption relationship. Fixed alcohol price policies are susceptible to inflation.
Highlights
09.4 Recreational and cultural services 09.5 Books, newspapers and stationery 09.6 Package holidays 10.0 Education 11.1 Catering services 11.2 Accommodation services 12.1 Personal care 12.3 Personal effects nec 12.4 Social protection 12.5 Insurance 12.6 Financial services nec 12.7 Other services nec ONS alcohol price item descriptions and average price were used to determine whether the item was sold on- or off-trade
This is a summary of the distinct primary/main diagnosis codes a participant has had recorded across all their hospital inpatient records
Diagnoses are coded according to the International Classification of Diseases version-10 (ICD-10) and includes primary, secondary and external causes
Summary
Assessment Centre Barts, London Birmingham Bristol Bury Cardiff Cheadle (revisit) Croydon Edinburgh Glasgow Hounslow Leeds Liverpool Manchester Middlesbrough Newcastle Nottingham Oxford Reading Sheffield Stockport Stoke Swansea. There are three additional assessment centres in UK Biobank (Wrexham, Cheadle and Newcastle) but participants assessed at these were for either follow-up study or imaging studies only, these participants were not included in the current study
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