Alarmingly high prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension in North India-results from a large cross-sectional STEPS survey.

Jaya Prasad Tripathy,Gursimer Jeet,Sohan Chawla,Jarnail Singh Thakur,Sanjay Jain,Yan Li

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188619

Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Gursimer Jeet + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188619

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Abstract

ObjectivesThe study was primarily aimed at estimating the prevalence of hypertension and pre-hypertension and the risk factors of hypertension in the North Indian state of Punjab. It also aimed at assessing the magnitude of undiagnosed cases of hypertension in the community and ascertaining the blood pressure control status of those on treatment.MethodsA non-communicable disease risk factor survey (based on WHO-STEPS approach) was done in the state of Punjab, India in a multistage stratified sample of 5127 individuals. The study subjects were administered the WHO STEPS-questionnaire and also underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measurements.ResultsOverall prevalence of HTN among the study participants was found out to be 40.1% (95% CI: 38.8–41.5%) whereas prevalence of pre-hypertension, isolated diastolic and isolated systolic hypertension were 40.8% (39.5–42.2%), 9.2% (8.4–10.0%) and 6.5% (5.9–7.2%) respectively. Age group (45–69 years), male gender, social group, marital status, alcohol use, obesity and salt intake (> = 5 gms/day) were the risk factors significantly associated with HTN. Among all persons with HTN, only 30.1% were known case of HTN or on treatment, among whom nearly 61% had controlled blood pressure. Patients with uncontrolled BP were more frequently male, obese patients, with sedentary lifestyle and patients with diabetes.ConclusionsThe study reported alarmingly high prevalence of hypertension, especially of undiagnosed or untreated cases amongst the adult population, a significant proportion of whom have uncontrolled blood pressure levels. This indicates the need for systematic screening and awareness program to identify the undiagnosed cases in the community and offer early treatment and regular follow up.

Highlights

In 2012, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) were responsible for around 38 million deaths per year, accounting for 68% of all deaths worldwide and 52% of all premature deaths
Overall prevalence of HTN among the study participants was found out to be 40.1% whereas prevalence of pre-hypertension, isolated diastolic and isolated systolic hypertension were 40.8% (39.5–42.2%), 9.2% (8.4–10.0%) and 6.5% (5.9–7.2%) respectively
Age group (45–69 years), male gender, social group, marital status, alcohol use, obesity and salt intake (> = 5 gms/day) were the risk factors significantly associated with HTN

Summary

Introduction

In 2012, NCDs were responsible for around 38 million deaths per year, accounting for 68% of all deaths worldwide and 52% of all premature deaths. CVD is the leading NCD which claimed 17.5 million lives in 2012 (46% of all NCD deaths).[1] Raised blood pressure (BP) (otherwise referred to as Hypertension or HTN) is the third most important attributable risk factor for burden of disease in South Asia (2010).[2] HTN is directly responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths in India.[3]. Previous studies in India in the last decade have reported varying prevalence of hypertension ranging from 17–47% in the adult population. Nearly 4/5th of the total burden of hypertension still remains undiagnosed, there is limited evidence in specific settings.[11,14]

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