Abstract
Recently, the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been pursued as a potential target of several diseases, including myogenic disorders, muscle dystrophies and myasthenia gravis, etc. α-conotoxin GI isolated from Conus geographus selectively and potently inhibited the muscle-type nAChRs which can be developed as a tool to study them. Herein, alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to reveal the structure–activity relationship (SAR) between GI and mouse α1β1δε nAChRs. The Pro5, Gly8, Arg9, and Tyr11 were proved to be the critical residues for receptor inhibiting as the alanine (Ala) replacement led to a significant potency loss on mouse α1β1δε nAChR. On the contrary, substituting Asn4, His10 and Ser12 with Ala respectively did not affect its activity. Interestingly, the [E1A] GI analogue exhibited a three-fold potency for mouse α1β1δε nAChR, whereas it obviously decreased potency at rat α9α10 nAChR compared to wildtype GI. Molecular dynamic simulations also suggest that loop2 of GI significantly affects the interaction with α1β1δε nAChR, and Tyr11 of GI is a critical residue binding with three hydrophobic amino acids of the δ subunit, including Leu93, Tyr95 and Leu103. Our research elucidates the interaction of GI and mouse α1β1δε nAChR in detail that will help to develop the novel analogues of GI.
Highlights
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are a member of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the fast excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system [1,2,3]
NAChRs are classified into muscle-type and neuronal-type Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) based on their primary sites of expression
The muscle-type nAChRs are found at the neuromuscular junction, and they mediate neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) [4,5]
Summary
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a member of ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the fast excitatory cholinergic neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system [1,2,3]. Conus is a genus of marine gastropod molluscs which is estimated to have 700 different species distributing in tropical and sub-tropical oceans [9,10]. These gastropods armed with deadly venoms can capture worms, fishes or other mollusks. The venoms are composed of different kinds of bioactive peptides which are named as conotoxins [11,12]. Based on their conserved signal peptide sequences, the various conotoxins are classified into different super families.
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