Abstract
The removal of Basic Blue-41 dye molecules was carried out by using two doped porous clay heterostructures by aluminum (Al) or zirconium (Zr) species. The proposed method of synthesis showed its efficiency, starting from Al or Zr intercalated hydrolyzed species, prior to its reaction with dodecylamine (C12 amine) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source. The intercalated precursors and their porous clay heterostructures (PCH) derivatives were characterized by different techniques. Solid NMR technique proved the presence of Al species into the intercalated silica between the clay sheets, and in addition to Si in different environments within the PCH materials. The Zr-PCH material exhibited a higher surface area and pore volume compared to its Al-PCH counterpart, with a mesoporous character for both materials. A maximum removed amount of 279 and 332 mg/g was achieved and deduced from the Langmuir equation. The regeneration tests revealed that the removal efficiency of Zr-PCH was retained after five regeneration runs, with a loss of 15% of the original value; meanwhile, the Al-PCH lost 45% of its efficiency after only three cycles. A single-stage batch design was proposed based on the Langmuir isotherm parameters. The increase of the removal capacity of Zr-PCH led to the reduction of the required amounts for the target removal of BB-41 dye compared to Al-PCH.
Highlights
Humanity will face problems of freshwater supplies in near future, due to the increase of its demand in the daily life
The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of the starting Ca-Mt and the intercalated precursors are depicted in Figure 1, along with the Al-porous clay heterostructures (PCH) and Zr-PCH materials
After treatment with Chlorhydrol solution, the distance of the Al-intercalated clay (Al-Mt) between the clay layers expanded with an increase of the basal spacing to a value close of 2.09 nm
Summary
Humanity will face problems of freshwater supplies in near future, due to the increase of its demand in the daily life. PCH materials are considered pillared clays with silica pillars inserted between the clay layers, with differences in the preparation and mechanism processes Based on this idea, a novel synthesis method was proposed by [32,33], which consisted of integrating intercalated metal (aluminum or zirconium) species into clay minerals as precursors prior to reactions with C12 amine molecules and silica sources to prepare aluminum-incorporated. These Al-PCH materials with fixed aluminum contents exhibited higher surface areas, mesoporous volumes, and Bronsted and Lewis acid sites [32,33] This method has reduced the utilization of the organic template and, in one step, incorporated the aluminum or zirconium species precisely into the silica framework that was intercalated between the clay layers. The experimental data were fitted in different models to find the most suitable model in aim to propose a single batch reactor design for an eventual removal of BB-41 process, at a large scale
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
