Aktueller Stellenwert von Amiodaron in der antiarrhythmischen Therapie

Abstract

Decades after its registration, amiodarone is still regarded as the most effective antiarrhythmic drug available for the treatment of tachyarrhythmias. Amiodarone is classified as a class III antiarrhythmic drug. In addition to the prolongation of cardiac repolarization, its leading pharmacologic features are sodium and calcium channel block, nonselective β-adrenergic inhibition as well as high lipophilicity and a very long plasma half-life. In patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, amiodarone is the most effective antiarrhythmic drug in maintaining sinus rhythm. Furthermore, it prevents ventricular arrhythmias, such as frequent ventricular extrasystoles or nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia, as well as sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. In patients with increased risk for sudden cardiac death, e.g., with severely depressed left ventricular function, amiodarone is a highly effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug. In addition, amiodarone has been shown to reduce the number of appropriate and inappropriate shocks in patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. During long-term amiodarone treatment, typical side effects including corneal microdeposits, blue-gray skin discoloration, photosensitivity, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, peripheral neuropathy, optical neuritis and hepatotoxicity accrue. Upon cessation of medication, these are almost always reversible. Irreversible, severe adverse effects, such as pulmonary toxicity, are very rare under the currently used maintenance dose of 200 mg/day. With regard to its side effect profile, an adequate follow-up of patients including laboratory values, lung function tests, and visual acuity is necessary.