Airway reactivity to sulfate and sulfuric acid aerosols in normal and asthmatic subjects.

Abstract

Recent epidemiologic studies have emphasized a relationship between alteration in lung function, respiratory symptoms in asthmatics, and elevated levels of sulfate air pollutants. In asthmatics, it has been reported that 1) the more acidic sulfate aerosols, sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and ammonium bisulfate (NH4HSO4), provoked the greatest changes in lung function and 2) a definite exposure-response relationship exists for H2SO4 inhalation. To determine if sulfate aerosol exposure caused increased reactivity to a known bronchoconstrictor, normal and asthmatic subjects inhaled subthreshold doses of carbachol after the following sulfates: H2SO4, NH4HSO4, and sodium bisulfate. A NaCI aerosol served as a control. Exposure times averaged 16 minutes with sulfate concentrations ranging from 100 μ/m3 to 1000 jtg/m3. In normal subjects, prior inhalation of either 1000 yug/m3 H2SO4 or NH4HSO4 significantly potentiated (P < 0.05) the bronchoconstrictor action of carbachol on airway conductance compared to NaCI and carbachol or carbachol alone by t-tests. For the asthmatic group, prior inhalation of either 1000/tg/m3 H2SO4 or NH4HSO4 (P < 0.05), or 450 μ/m3 H2SO4 (P < 0.05) similarly enhanced the carbachol bronchoconstrictor effect compared to NaCI and carbachol. At the low 100 μ/m3, no sulfates altered the effects of carbachol on pulmonary function. Although mean changes between the sulfate groups did not attain significance by an analysis of variance, it was found that the bronchoconstrictor action of carbachol was potentiated by the sulfate aerosols more or less in relation to their acidity.