Airway nerve blocks for awake tracheal intubation: A meta-analysis of randomized control trials and trial sequential analysis

Abstract

Study objectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the superiority of airway nerve blocks versus airway anesthesia without nerve blocks for awake tracheal intubation (ATI). DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). SettingAll studies that assessed the superiority of airway anesthesia technique for awake tracheal intubation were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Ovid Medline, Embase and Chinese databases (including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, and VIP databases) and trial registry databases from their inception to December 2022. PatientsAdult patients included in randomized controlled trials comparing airway anesthesia with or without airway nerve blocks for ATI. InterventionsAirway nerve (including superior laryngeal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, or recurrent laryngeal nerve) blocks for ATI. MeasurementsThe primary outcome was the intubation time. Secondary outcomes were quality of intubating conditions (including patient reaction to placement of the flexible scope and tracheal tube, coughing and gagging, and patient satisfaction) and overall complications during ATI. Main resultsFourteen articles with 658 patients were identified for analysis. When compared with airway anesthesia without nerve blocks, airway nerve blocks significantly reduced intubation time (standardized mean difference [SMD] -2.57, 95% CI -3.59- -1.56, p < 0.00001), improved anesthesia quality of ATI with higher no reaction to placement of the flexible scope and tracheal tube (relative risk [RR] 9.87; 95% CI 4.10–23.75, p < 0.00001), lower cough or gag reflex during intubation (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.27–0.46, p < 0.00001), higher excellent patient satisfaction rate (RR 1.88, 95% CI 1.05–3.34, p = 0.03), and lower overall complications (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.19–0.45, p < 0.00001). The overall quality of evidence was moderate. ConclusionsBased on current published evidence, airway nerve blocks provide better airway anesthesia quality for ATI with a shorter intubation time, better intubation conditions including higher no reaction to placement of the flexible scope and tracheal tube, lower cough or gag reflex during intubation, higher excellent patient satisfaction, and lower overall complications.