Abstract
The concept of Vertically Asymmetric Policies (VAPs) offers a new explanation specified for the emergence and persistence of public protests against major infrastructure projects. In VAPs, the benefits, costs, and political competences are distributed asymmetrically among the different levels of the political system. The gap of those units (negatively) affected and those units involved in deciding, causes a democratic dilemma and likely public protests. The analysis of aviation as a policy and the protests against the expansion of Frankfurt Airport in Germany proves this explanation. Here, vertical linkage channels are blocked for the demands of local areas around the airport and a long‐lasting protest movement accompanies every step of airport expansion. Original data from a 2013 poll among ant‐expansion protesters reveal a growing loss of confidence in elections and the preference for protest measures.
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