Abstract
An airborne lidar simulator creates a lidar point cloud from a simulated lidar system, flight parameters, and the terrain digital elevation model (DEM). At the basic level, the lidar simulator computes the range from a lidar system to the surface of a terrain using the geomatics lidar equation. The simple computation effectively assumes that the beam divergence is zero. If the beam spot is meaningfully large due to the large beam divergence combined with high sensor altitude, then the beam plane with a finite size interacts with a ground target in a realistic and complex manner. The irradiance distribution of a delta-pulse beam plane is defined based on laser pulse radiative transfer. The airborne lidar simulator in this research simulates the interaction between the delta-pulse and a three-dimensional (3D) object and results in a waveform. The waveform will be convoluted using a system response function. The lidar simulator also computes the total propagated uncertainty (TPU). All sources of the uncertainties associated with the position of the lidar point and the detailed geomatics equations to compute TPU are described. The boresighting error analysis and the 3D accuracy assessment are provided as examples of the application using the simulator.
Highlights
Airborne lidar point clouds and the derived elevation products are essential geospatial datasets, along with airborne or spaceborne image data
The boresighting angles are the angular offsets between the sensor body frame (SBF) and IMU body frame (IBF)
Speaking boresighting angle means the angular offset between the SBF and IBF coordinates
Summary
Airborne lidar point clouds and the derived elevation products are essential geospatial datasets, along with airborne or spaceborne image data. In case the beam edge touches the target, but the beam center evades the target as shown, the simple georeferencing will not find a target hit Instead, it will find the point atThus, the background terrain. An advanced simulator addresses theat shown, the simple georeferencing will not find a target hit Instead, it will find the point beam divergence using a simplified. As the emitted laser pulse propagates, an integral of the two irradiance distributions, emitter irradiance, EE , and the receiver irradiance, ER , the cross-section area expands due to the beam divergence and the light is attenuated by the medium, in the presence of the interaction function β. The receiver sensitivity distribution can be considered as if it is a radiance the cross-section area expands due to the beam divergence and the light is attenuated by the medium, distribution.
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