Abstract
Abstract. A dedicated system for airborne ship emission measurements of SO2, NOx and particles has been developed and used from several small aircraft. The system has been adapted for fast response measurements at 1 Hz, and the use of several of the instruments is unique. The uncertainty of the given data is about 20% for SO2 and 24% for NOx emission factors. The mean values with one standard deviation for multiple measurements of 158 ships measured from the air on the Baltic and North Sea during 2011 and 2012 show emission factors of 18.8 ± 6.5 g kg−1 fuel , 66.6 ± 23.4 g kg−1 fuel and 1.8 ± 1.3 1016 particles kg−1 fuel for SO2, NOx and particle number, respectively. The particle size distributions were measured for particle diameters between 15 and 560 nm. The mean sizes of the particles are between 45 and 54 nm dependent on the distance to the source, and the number size distribution is monomodal. Concerning the sulfur fuel content, around 85% of the monitored ships comply with the International Maritime Organization (IMO) limits. The reduction of the sulfur emission control area (SECA) limit from 1.5 to 1% in 2010 appears to have contributed to reduction of sulfur emissions that were measured in earlier studies from 2007 to 2009. The presented method can be implemented for regular ship compliance monitoring.
Highlights
Ships emit large quantities of air pollutants, and it is necessary to reduce these to improve air quality (Corbett et al, 2007; European Commission, 2009)
The regulation includes a global cap of sulfur fuel content (SFC) and contains provisions allowing for establishment of special SO2 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission control areas (ECAs), i.e., sulfur emission control area (SECA) and NECA
International Maritime Organization (IMO) has chosen emission limits (resolution MEPC.177(58)) that correspond to the total NOx emission in grams per axial shaft energy produced from the engine in kWh
Summary
Ships emit large quantities of air pollutants, and it is necessary to reduce these to improve air quality (Corbett et al, 2007; European Commission, 2009). Most countries have ratified the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marpol Annex VI protocol, and the EU has adopted directive 2012/33/EU, which sets limits on nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from ship exhausts. The regulation includes a global cap of sulfur fuel content (SFC) and contains provisions allowing for establishment of special SO2 and NOx emission control areas (ECAs), i.e., SECA (for sulfur) and NECA (for nitrogen oxide). Following the IMO regulation there will be a global cap for the allowed maximum content of sulfur in fuel of 0.5 % from the year 2020. In NECA the emissions should be 80 % lower than Tier 1 by 2016 (Tier 3), this time limit is presently being renegotiated within IMO
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