Abstract
The objective is to introduce the TOPOGRAMM system and relate it to conventional survey and geo‐information processing methods. The first section describes a combination of methods. It covers reconnaissance and conventional metric cameras, special film developments, sensors, analytic stereo plotter, and digital superimposition systems, geographic information systems (including terrain modelling software), and task‐specific acquisition, documentation, analysis, and implementation concepts. The second section explains the use of a mix of modern information processing, established practical procedures, and the exploitation of visual powers of man combined with high precision measurements. Favouring visual identification and selection and adding exact dimensions secure unmatched objectivity, repeatability, transparency, and high fidelity of results. Ground‐ and “Gestalt"‐truth of objects and neighbourhoods, measurements and dimensional orientation provide a reliable framework to attribute field and remote sensing data. Optial superimposition and continuous visual inspections allow a better match betwen nature, models, and maps. Regional close‐ups in known chronological order allow the analysis of episodic and minute changes.
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