Air Quality Change in Seoul, South Korea under COVID-19 Social Distancing: Focusing on PM2.5

Beom-Soon Han,Han-Gyul Jin,Seung-Bu Park,Jong-Jin Baik,Kyeongjoo Park,Sungju Moon,Jong-Won Kim,Kyung-Hwan Kwak

doi:10.3390/ijerph17176208

Abstract

Seoul, the most populous city in South Korea, has been practicing social distancing to slow down the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and other air pollutants measured in Seoul over the two 30 day periods before and after the start of social distancing are analyzed to assess the change in air quality during the period of social distancing. The 30 day mean PM2.5 concentration decreased by 10.4% in 2020, which is contrasted with an average increase of 23.7% over the corresponding periods in the previous 5 years. The PM2.5 concentration decrease was city-wide and more prominent during daytime than at nighttime. The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) decreased by 16.9% and 16.4%, respectively. These results show that social distancing, a weaker forcing toward reduced human activity than a strict lockdown, can help lower pollutant emissions. At the same time, synoptic conditions and the decrease in aerosol optical depth over the regions to the west of Seoul support that the change in Seoul’s air quality during the COVID-19 social distancing can be interpreted as having been affected by reductions in the long-range transport of air pollutants as well as local emission reductions.

Highlights

The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by theWorld Health Organization (WHO), prompted the national and municipal governments around the world to take unprecedented measures, such as lockdowns, strict travel bans, and other restrictions on human activity
The 30 day mean PM2.5 concentration averaged over all stations in Seoul decreased by 10.4% since the start of social distancing, while it increased by an average of
Between pre-social distancing (SD) and SD, there was a dramatic drop in the number of “high” days exceeding the PM2.5 concentration of 35.0 μg m−3 from 9

Summary

Introduction

The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by the. The global responses to COVID-19, ranging from lockdowns to social distancing guidelines, offer a rare opportunity for assessing, through real-world events, the environmental scenarios conditioned by reductions in local air pollutant emissions. It is probable that, faced with the nation-wide rise in the number of new cases, the residents of Seoul cooperated with social distancing guidelines, following the government announcement on 29 February 2020. Such a decline in human activity may have led to reductions in local air pollutant emissions. Using air quality monitoring data, we first make comparisons between the periods before and after the start of social distancing in 2020, as well as comparisons against the climatological air quality in the past 5 years, and discuss the possible contributors to such changes in air quality

Data and Methods

Terrain height of of Seoul

Discussion

Conclusions