Abstract
Before the advent of exposure assessment tools for particles and component pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM) or total suspended particles, investigators relied on counting the number of excess deaths before and after episodes of smog to draw inferences. The most well known historical event is the great smog of London in 1952, during which a combination of cold weather, low-quality household coal, and factory emissions resulted in thousands of excess deaths attributable to severe air pollution.
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