Abstract
Air exposure stress is a common phenomenon for commercial crustacean species in aquaculture and during waterless transportation. However, the antioxidant responses to air exposure discussed in previous studies may be insufficient to present the complexities involved in this process. The comprehensive immune responses, especially considering the immune genes, cell apoptosis, and epigenetic changes, are still unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the multifaceted responses of Marsupenaeus japonicus to air exposure. The results showed that the expression profiles of the apoptosis genes (e.g., IAP, TXNIP, caspase, and caspase-3) and the hypoxia-related genes (e.g., hsp70, hif-1α, and HcY) were all dramatically induced in the hepatopancreas and gills of M. japonicus. Heart rates, T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity) and lactate contents showed time-dependent changes upon air exposure. Air exposure significantly induced apoptosis in hepatopancreas and gills. Compared with the control group, the apoptosis index (AI) of the 12.5 h experimental group increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the hepatopancreas and gills. Most individuals in the experimental group (EG, 12.5 h) had lower methylation ratios than the control group (CG). Air exposure markedly reduced the full-methylation and total-methylation ratios (31.39% for the CG and 26.46% for the EG). This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant responses of M. japonicus considering its physiology, innate immunity, apoptosis, and DNA methylation levels, and provided theoretical guidance for waterless transportation.
Highlights
The Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, is an important commercial species that is widely distributed in the Indo-Western Pacific (Tsoi et al, 2014)
SMART analysis revealed that the predicted TXNIP protein contained an arrestin C domain located at 184-315 residues with an expected value of 2.44e-23 (Figure 1A)
Homology comparisons showed that TXNIP shared amino acid identities with TXNIP from L. vannamei (98.85%), Daphnia magna (75.43%), Limulus polyphemus (65.99%), Drosophila melanogaster (61.73%), Danio rerio (22.67%), and Homo sapiens (21.52%)
Summary
The Kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus, is an important commercial species that is widely distributed in the Indo-Western Pacific (Tsoi et al, 2014). Oxidative Stress Response of M. japonicus for commercial crustacean species in aquaculture and during live transport (Lorenzon et al, 2008; Fotedar and Evans, 2011; Romero et al, 2011). Aquatic animals are subject to water shortage and hypoxia stress, accompanied by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Romero et al, 2007; Paital and Chainy, 2010; Paital, 2013; Abasubong et al, 2018). Air exposure affects cellular damage and metabolic capacity for Mytilus galloprovincialis (Andrade et al, 2019) and causes a significant but reparable immunological response in Litopenaeus vannamei (Xu et al, 2019). Continuous oxidative stress triggers caspase-independent cell death and induces apoptosis or necrosis (Simon et al, 2000; Wang et al, 2012, 2019; Nathan and Cunningham-Bussel, 2013; Holze et al, 2018; Ondricek and Thomas, 2018)
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