Abstract
Water is crucial to human survival. Studies on surface water are well documented but precise knowledge of groundwater resources is difficult. Thus, accurate knowledge of groundwater resources could meet the necessities of water at present and in the long run. Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographical Information System (GIS) together with multi-criteria parameters has emerged as an efficient technique for delineation of groundwater potential in recent decades. However, no efforts to delineate the groundwater potential have been attempted in the study area till date. Hence, in this study, the groundwater potential of Papum Pare district of Arunachal Pradesh was delineated by combining AHP, overlay analysis, GIS, and ten thematic layers (geomorphology, geology, slope, lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, distance from the major river, topographic wetness index, soil texture, and land use/land cover). The results show about 64% of the area under poor groundwater potential. Moderate and good groundwater potential is found in 31% and 5% of the area. Map-removal and single-parameter sensitivity analyses revealed that the groundwater potential map is most sensitive to the annual average rainfall with a mean variation index of 1.05% and a weight of 19.07%. The flood/alluvial plains, Siwalik formations with sediments, and level to gentle slopes receiving high rainfall show good potential, and the dissected hills/valleys, metamorphic rock assemblages, steep slopes with low rainfall reveals poor groundwater potential. The overall accuracy of 81.25% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.72 explains good agreement between the reference data and the map. The estimated area under good groundwater potential appears too little concerning the increasing population and urbanization. Therefore, the state government in general and the water resources and planning department in particular need to formulate suitable strategies to combat the water scarcity scenario waiting ahead. The study suggests raising the use of surface water from nearby rivers to lessen the pressure on groundwater resources.
Highlights
Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishable natural resource of the earth’s surface (Jose et al 2012)
Since a major part of the study area in the northern region is comprised of hills and mountains with a large number of perennial rivers and streams, the dependence on groundwater resources is negligible at present in these areas
The southern foothill and plain areas that comprise important urban centers and irrigational areas are mostly dependent on groundwater resources
Summary
Groundwater is a dynamic and replenishable natural resource of the earth’s surface (Jose et al 2012). The evaluation of groundwater potential and productivity of aquifers is essential to address the increasing potable water demand for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial uses across the world (Arulbalaji et al 2019). Many researchers have applied RS, GIS, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to delineate groundwater potential based on multi-parameters (Arulbalaji et al 2019; Rajasekhar et al 2019; Singha et al 2019; Ghosh et al 2020; Halder et al 2020). An attempt has been made to delineate the groundwater potential of Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh (India) by integrating RS, GIS, and AHP based on the influencing parameters
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