Abstract
The article presents the results of a three-year (2016–2018) study on the role of seeding rates taking into account the depth of seeding on different backgrounds of mineral nutrition in the conditions of gray forest soils in the middle Volga region. Experiments were conducted on the pilot field of the Department of Plant Industry and Horticulture of Kazan State Automobile University. Soil of the experimental site is characterized by the following agrochemical indicators: humus content – 2.9–3.2 % (according to Tyurin), the sum of the absorbed bases – 27 mg.-per 100 g of soil, light hydrolysable nitrogen – 79.0...110 mg/1000 g (according to Corinth), mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) – 105...184 and 79...149 mg/1000 g of soil, pHsol.– 5.6–5.7. Research material – double-grain wheat Triticum Dicoccum Schrank (spelt) grade Runo. During all the years of research, the soil layer 4 and 6 cm was the most wetted during the sprouting phase. On average, for 3 years the best completeness of sprouting was provided by sowing rates of 4–5 million germplasm seeds per hectare at the depth of seed placement by 2 and 4 cm. Safety of plants to full ripeness at sowing of 6 million grains per hectare on both feeding backgrounds made up at planting of seeds on 2 cm – 414–423 pieces/m2, 4 cm – 411–432 and 6 cm – 356–374 plants on 1 m2. The highest yield for 3 years on average on both feeding grounds (1.93...2.55 t/ha) was provided by sowing 4 million grains per hectare when planting seeds by 4 cm.
Highlights
Achieving guaranteed and stable annual yields of high quality spring wheat grain with the lowest cost of funds and labor resources is possible with the development of innovative technologies
One of the promising directions is the use of complex fertilizers with microelements in chelate form, growth regulators and bacterial preparations, which allow to form highly productive crops in local natural-climatic conditions [1, 2]
Optimal depth of seed placement depends on the mechanical composition, structure, moisture of the upper layer of soil, the size of seeds
Summary
Achieving guaranteed and stable annual yields of high quality spring wheat grain with the lowest cost of funds and labor resources is possible with the development of innovative technologies. Optimal depth of seed placement depends on the mechanical composition, structure, moisture of the upper layer of soil, the size of seeds. Shallower embedding is required on non-structured soils of heavy mechanical composition (clayey), shallower embedding is required on light (sandy loam) structural soils, shallower embedding on wet weather in spring, and deeper embedding of coarse seeds in dry, windy years; coarse seeds can be placed deeper than shallow ones [3, 4]. At deep sowing the shoots are delayed for 1–2 days, they are weakened, they are more suppressed by weeds; at shallow sowing many seeds do not give sprouting because of soil drying up, plants are weakly rooted, lie down more [7, 8]
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