Abstract
We converted agro-waste Custard Apple Peels (CAP) to ash via thermal treatment, on which Pd(OAc)2 was immobilized easily that produced a low-cost, highly efficient Pd/CAP-ash catalyst. The prepared catalyst was fully characterized by using FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRF, DSC-TGA, BET, HR-TEM, and XPS techniques. The Pd/CAP-ash catalyst was conveniently applied for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction under external base free and ligand-free conditions in an aqueous-organic solvent to produce biphenyls in good to excellent yields. The main attraction of our protocol an application of palladium-supported agro-waste material which is easily recoverable and recyclable provides mono and bis-coupled derivatives in a short reaction time.
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