Abstract
BackgroundDevelopment of biomass derived solid acid catalysts has the advantage to conform the green chemistry protocol for production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by dehydration of fructose. MethodWe have reported waste cashew nut shell produced char as a biochar to prepare sulfonated biochar (SBC) catalyst by incorporating –SO3H group through treatment of concentrated sulfuric acid. Significant findingsDifferent methods of characterization including XRD, FT-IR, XPS, FESEM-EDS, TEM, TPD and BET analysis, were used to study the structure, morphology, chemical compositions, acidity and porosity of the produced SBC catalysts. The mesoporous nature of the material was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction patterns (PXRD), type IV isotherm (BET), and flakes-like structure was observed in TEM analysis. The catalyst showed high yield of HMF (92%) under optimum conditions of 120 °C in 60 min under biphasic solvent mixture of water and toluene (1:2). High yield could be explained by high acid strength of catalyst as observed by NH3-TPD analysis. Leaching test by Sheldon's method and recyclability experiment proved the need and heterogeneity of the present catalyst.
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