Abstract
Lodging is one of the most chronic restraints of the maize-soybean intercropping system, which causes a serious threat to agriculture development and sustainability. In the maize-soybean intercropping system, shade is a major causative agent that is triggered by the higher stem length of a maize plant. Many morphological and anatomical characteristics are involved in the lodging phenomenon, along with the chemical configuration of the stem. Due to maize shading, soybean stem evolves the shade avoidance response and resulting in the stem elongation that leads to severe lodging stress. However, the major agro-techniques that are required to explore the lodging stress in the maize-soybean intercropping system for sustainable agriculture have not been precisely elucidated yet. Therefore, the present review is tempted to compare the conceptual insights with preceding published researches and proposed the important techniques which could be applied to overcome the devastating effects of lodging. We further explored that, lodging stress management is dependent on multiple approaches such as agronomical, chemical and genetics which could be helpful to reduce the lodging threats in the maize-soybean intercropping system. Nonetheless, many queries needed to explicate the complex phenomenon of lodging. Henceforth, the agronomists, physiologists, molecular actors and breeders require further exploration to fix this challenging problem.
Highlights
Climatic change and population explosions are the major threats to food security in the future [1,2].It has been projected that, by 2050, the present world population will be enhanced by up to 30%, which will make the world population nine billion or more people [3]
The lignin biosynthesis depends on the genotype and environmental changes, likewise, a significant correlation has been found between the lignin biosynthesis and lignin related enzyme activities (PAL, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), POD) in the stems of different lodging resistance wheat and buckwheat cultivars [62,63]
It was revealed that the activities of the enzymes, that is, phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), POD, CAD and 4CL played a key role in lignin metabolic pathway [86]
Summary
Climatic change and population explosions are the major threats to food security in the future [1,2]. The maize-soybean intercropping system has great importance among the legume-cereal intercropping systems because of its maximum yield and efficient use of resources [6,7] It was developed in the South-Western region of. It has been observed that Si improved the stem strength of rice at the reproductive stage [28] and increased the content of soluble sugars in maize [29] Another speculation had revealed that the lodging angle at 25–90◦ from the right angle could decrease the grain production by approximately 20–61% during the grain filling stage in wheat [30]. (iii) to reduce the stem elongation and increased the soybean stem diameter (iv) to enhance the structural carbohydrates contents, which increased the lodging resistance and yield of soybeans under the maize-soybean intercropping system. It is previously documented that, lodging is one of the main factors that result in the reduction of soybean yield up to 50% [41]
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