Agreement among Radiation Oncologists and Radiologist in Contouring GTV on Planning and Mid-Treatment MRI for Locally Advanced Oropharynx Cancer

Abstract

Over the 7-week radiotherapy course, patients with head and neck cancers undergo significant anatomical changes, including weight loss and tumor shrinkage (with complete response at mid-treatment in as high as 50% of patients). The current standard of care is to maintain the same plan for the entire treatment duration, unless major dosimetric deviations are suspected. The use of MRI for treatment adaptation has the advantage of increased soft tissue contrast and is being integrated into several clinical practices with the recent implementation of the MR-Linac technology. In this interim secondary analysis of a phase 2, randomized trial, we assessed inter-observer variability (IOV) in the delineation of GTV at planning and mid-treatment in locally advanced oropharynx cancer (OPC). Three expert radiation oncologists (RO) and 1 expert radiologist, with a minimum of 5 years' experience in MRI contouring, blinded to each other's volumes, were provided with planning and mid-treatment MRI (T1 gadolinium, T2-weighted and DWI) of 9 patients with locally advanced OPC. Primary gross tumor volume (GTV) was independently contoured by all 3 ROs and the radiologist. Contouring agreement was analyzed using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) index and the average Hausdorff distance. Nine cases of locally advanced OPC were included. Fifty percent of the patients were stage 3 (AJCC 8th edition) and all were p16+ OPC. There was moderate IOV in the delineation of GTV on planning MRI as evidenced by mean DSC index and Hausdorff distance of 0.75 (range 0.53 - 0.87) and 0.30 cm (max 2.14 cm). At mid-treatment, the GTV IOV had a mean DSC index and Hausdorff distance of 0.30 (range 0.19 - 0.76) and 0.55 cm (max 2.83), respectively. The contours of the radiologist compared to RO shown a mean DSC index and Hausdorff distance on planning MRI 0.63 (range 0.53 - 0.69) and 0.41 cm (max 2.14 cm), and on mid-treatment MRI of 0.36 (range 0.19 - 0.59) and 0.68 cm (max 1.08 cm). Although this study demonstrates the presence of moderate IOV between 3 experienced head and neck ROs and one radiologist in an academic institution for the delineation of GTV on planning MRI, we observed a higher IOV between the 4 experts on mid-treatment MRI. We also experienced a higher IOV between the radiologist and RO on planning and mid-treatment images. These results show high degree of GTV volume variability on mid-treatment MRI. Therefore, peer review of contours is important and guidelines for MR adaptive tumor delineation are needed.