Abstract
BackgroundCompliance with physical activity recommendations (CPARs) is associated with better health indicators. However, there are only few studies to date that have comprehensively analyzed the association between CPARs and cardiovascular status “as a whole” (e.g., analyzing hemodynamic, structural, and functional properties, and different arterial territories). The relationship between CPARs and cardiovascular properties could be strongly influenced by the growth and aging process.AimThe goal of the study is to investigate the association between CPAR and cardiovascular properties by placing special emphasis on: (i) identifying if there is an independent association, (ii) if the association is “moderated” by age, and (iii) to what extent the association depends on the arterial parameter (hemodynamic vs. structural vs. functional) and/or the arterial segment (e.g., central vs. peripheral; elastic vs. transitional vs. muscular arteries).MethodsA total of 3,619 subjects (3–90 years of age) were studied. Extensive cardiovascular evaluations were performed. Cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and physical activity (PA) levels were determined. The subjects were categorized as compliant (n = 1, 969) or non-compliant (n = 1,650) with World Health Organization-related PA recommendations. Correlation and multiple regression models (including CPAR*Age interaction) were obtained, and Johnson-Neyman technique was used to produce regions of significance.ResultsThe independent association between CPARs and cardiovascular characteristics were strongly moderated by age. The moderation was observed on a wide range of age but particularly notorious on the extremes of life. Certain arterial characteristics demonstrated opposite effects in relation to CPAR status depending on the range of age considered. The association between CPAR and cardiovascular characteristics was independent of CRFs and moderated by age. In subjects younger than 45–55 years, CPAR status was associated with lower central and peripheral blood pressure (i.e., the younger the subject, the higher the reduction). During adult life, as age increases in the subjects, CPARs was associated with a beneficial hemodynamic profile, which is not related with variations in pressure but strongly related with lower levels of waveform-derived indexes and ventricular afterload determinants.ConclusionsThe independent associations between CPARs and arterial properties were strongly moderated by age. Data provided by blood pressure levels and waveform-derived indexes would be enough to evaluate the independent association between CPARs and the vascular system in the general population.
Highlights
Benefits of physical activity (PA) on quality of life, wellbeing, and overall body and mental health have been recently emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in their latest global “age-specific” recommendations on PA for health (World Health Organization, 2019, 2020; Bull et al, 2020)
Compliance With Physical Activity Recommendations and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Second, we evaluate the association between compliance with PA recommendations (CPARs) (1: yes, 0: no) and levels of different blood and anthropometric variables usually measured to assess the presence of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs): Body weight (BW), body height (BH), Body mass index (BMI), total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides, atherogenic index, glycemia, and creatinine (Table 2)
Regardless of age, sex, and use of antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic drugs, CPARs was significantly associated with lower BW and BMI, and better lipid and glucose profile as well as improved kidney function
Summary
Benefits of physical activity (PA) on quality of life, wellbeing, and overall body and mental health have been recently emphasized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in their latest global “age-specific” recommendations on PA for health (World Health Organization, 2019, 2020; Bull et al, 2020). According to these recommendations, while adults should undertake 150–300 min of moderate-intensity or 75–150 min of vigorous-intensity PA, or some equivalent combination of moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity aerobic PA per week, an average of 60 min/day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic PA across the week is recommended for children and adolescents (Bull et al, 2020). The relationship between CPARs and cardiovascular properties could be strongly influenced by the growth and aging process
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