Aging of the brain in bipolar disorder: Illness- and onset-related effects in cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volume

Abstract

BackgroundOlder adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have received little study, although they often have severe symptoms, treatment resistance and high suicide risk. Furthermore, a subset develops cognitive dysfunction for unknown reasons. MethodsHere, cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volume were compared across individuals ages 40-79y: 103 with BD (“later-onset” at ages ≥25y, n = 21; “early-onset” < 25y, n = 82) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 98). ResultsOverall, those with BD showed lower prefrontal, cingulate, sensorimotor, parahippocampal, insula, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical thickness (Cohen's d: 0.4 to 0.8) and hippocampal, amygdalar, thalamic, and striatal gray matter volume (d: 0.6 to 0.8). Later-onset BD showed negative relationships between age and parahippocampal, insular, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical thickness, and hippocampal, thalamic and striatal volume (r: −0.7 to −0.4). Suicide attempt history was associated with lower dorsolateral prefrontal cortical thickness (d = 0.5). LimitationsThe study used a cross-sectional design and the sample of those with a later-onset of BD was relatively modest. ConclusionsResults support widespread gray matter decreases in older adults with BD, and also suggest a separable later-onset phenotype characterized by age-related gray matter reductions in regions subserving cognitive, emotional and perceptual processes. Moreover, the results are the first to demonstrate structural brain differences associated with a history of suicide attempts in older adults with BD.