Aging Mechanisms: Linking oxidative stress, obesity and inflammation

Ghazanfar Abbas,Tayyaba Younas,Zaytoon Zaheer,Amber Salman,M Khalil Ateeq,M Usman,Sanaullah Sajid,Sajjad Ur Rahman

doi:10.26480/msm.01.2017.30.33

Abstract

Aging cannot be defeated in anyway in the world even having new and advanced technology. But molecular mechanism is a successful method to control aging. Many complex and multifunctional factors are the main cause of aging. It is evident that the studies regarding cellular, genetic, and pathological and biochemical changes are exploring more and more pathways linking various diverse mechanism explaining aging. Implications of basic mechanisms of aging for improving both longevity and quality of life in human needs a clear understanding and takes a long time. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicate a growing body even in the presence of fundamental mechanisms. According to oxidative stress theory, advanced and permanent addition of oxidative damage on critical aspects of aging process instigated by ROS influences. Telomeres theory is another, new aging theory that holds many promising possibilities for the field of anti-aging medicine. The theory was originated from the surge of technological breakthroughs in genetics and genetic engineering. Telomeres have also been found related to obesity. Obesity also leads to accelerated cellular processes. A “causative agent in aging” is considered inflammation that underlies a mechanism showing that for survival acute inflammatory response is necessary but long term exposure to different antigens than predicted by evolution cause low-grade inflammatory status which intern contributes to age-associated illness and death. The condition known as “inflammaging”.

Highlights

Aging defined by Harman as the “progressive harmful variations in the cells and tissues with age that increase the risk of ailment and demise” [14]
Above discussion shows different theories about aging and it is very important to know its cause. This is quite similar to the sense of knowing about the problem first to proceed with remedy
It is believed that all theories about aging are correlated to each other and may be originated from one another

Summary

Introduction

Aging defined by Harman as the “progressive harmful variations in the cells and tissues with age that increase the risk of ailment and demise” [14]. ROS includes unstable oxygen radical superoxide radicals (O2) and hydroxyl radical(HO) and nonradical molecules like hydrogen peroxide(H2O2).These are byproduct of aerobic respiration or taken up from external environment Their production is increased in stress and pathological states. Aging causes the macromolecular damage which affects the signal transduction pathways at cellular level and cause organelle dysfunction, inflammation leading to cell death This in turns manifest at systemic levels, including increased incidence of diseases, decline in organ function, death and reduced oxidative stress tolerance. Studies conducted by Keaney et al [11] presented no increase in life span in dose dependent administration of synthetic antioxidant enzymes whereas, the experiments of Melov et al [27] revealed significant increase in life span of cells treated with both synthetic SOD and catalase These controversial and contradictory outcomes of both pharmacological and genetic effects of antioxidant on life span provide that aging as a multifaceted and complicated phenomenon hardly explained by a single theory. Latter can produce a drastic effect by affecting the gene expression regulating the cell survival, death and aging

TELOMERES AND AGING:

Discussion

Inflammation and aging