Abstract
This narrative review evaluates strength or resistance training on cardiorespiratory endurance, blood pressure, contractile function, contractile protein synthesis rate, bone turnover, gait and balance, and neuromuscular adaptations in elderly populations. Seventy-eight studies spanning from 1999 through 2020 were reviewed. Database sources including PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar were searched in accordance with the purpose of the study. A majority of the studies reported that resistance training reduces blood pressure and increases contractile functions, contractile protein synthesis rate, bone turnover, gait and balance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and neuromuscular adaptations in the elderly. Furthermore, combined training (CT), also known as concurrent training (strength plus endurance training) may also be as effective as traditional endurance training or traditional strength/resistance training alone for improving cardiorespiratory endurance and functional performance. According to the evaluation of studies included in this review, we concluded that training modalities that involve low-load, high velocity strength training combined with endurance training might be the best training strategy in improving cardiovascular fitness, functional capacity and musculoskeletal health in the elderly populations. Elderly people should be encouraged to participate in a concurrent training or a combination of strength and endurance training to delay, or even reverse the negative effects of aging.
 
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Highlights
1.1 What is biological aging? Aging is a complex multifactorial biological process shared by all living organisms
HV participants increased total strength by 27% in the first 24 weeks, results of this study revealed that LV is more effective in increasing muscle strength than HVL 24 to 48 weeks (n=99 female and male, age=81.2 ± 5.6 years)
Before starting the intervention, mixed and MHC fractional synthesis rates were lower in the older group than they were in younger participants (p < 0.04)
Summary
1.1 What is biological aging? Aging is a complex multifactorial biological process shared by all living organisms. The underlying physical conditions associated with biological aging include an increased risk of higher blood pressure, loss of muscle mass, loss of strength and contractile function, a decrease in bone turnover rates, gait speed, balance, cardiovascular endurance, and neuromuscular adaptability (Ferruci et al, 2014; Jaul & Barron, 2017; Navaratnarajah & Jackson, 2017). These patterns of aging eventually result in a loss of independence and the inability to perform daily activities (Allen et al, 2013; Gschwind et al, 2013). The selected studies must have implemented a resistance exercise program that had the potential to defer, retard, reverse, or in some manner provide a positive improvement upon the declines that accompany aging (Allen et al, 2013; Gschwind et al, 2013)
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