Aggressive preoperative use of intraaortic balloon pump in elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract

Background. The use of the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting has been traditionally associated with a high complication rate and adverse outcomes. However, recent reports show that many of these catastrophic outcomes can be avoided by preoperatively placing the IABP in high-risk patients. To further validate these reports, we defined a set of liberal criteria for preoperative IABP insertion and applied them to a series of elderly patients (70 years or older) undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods. Two hundred six consecutive patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass were retrospectively reviewed. A rapid recovery protocol emphasizing reduced cardiopulmonary bypass time, an anesthetic protocol for early extubation, perioperative administration of corticosteroids and thyroid hormone, and aggressive diuresis was applied to all patients. Patients who required an urgent operation because of failed percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, a critical left main stenosis (70% or greater), pronounced left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 40% or less), or unstable angina refractory to medical therapy or who required an emergency reoperation received preoperative IABP support. Results. The 30-day mortality rate for the entire group was 4.4%. There were 97 patients (47%) who received a preoperative IABP (group II) in comparison with 109 patients (53%) who did not fulfill the preoperative insertion criteria (group I). Patients in group II had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (mean, 46% versus 59%, p < 0.001) and a higher incidence of congestive heart failure (35% versus 17%, p < 0.01) and acute myocardial infarction (37% versus 17%, p < 0.01) than patients in group I. The average postoperative hospital length of stay for patients in group II was slightly longer than for those in group I (9.0 ± 10.5 versus 6.0 ± 3.7 days, p < 0.01). However, there were no statistically significant differences in complication or mortality rates between the two groups. Only 2 patients (2.2%) had complications related to IABP insertion. Lower extremity ischemia occurred in both patients, and both were treated successfully with thromboembolectomy. Conclusions. Liberal preoperative insertion of the IABP can be performed safely in high-risk elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, with results comparable to those in lower risk patients.