Aggregator free ancillary services e‐market for electric vehicles using smart contracts

Abstract

The energy sector is undergoing an enormous transition with new market mechanisms affecting the market and the traders. In the smart grid environment, an auction-based market can be useful to ensure trading between electric vehicles (EVs) and distribution companies (DisComs). However, the participation of EVs in the energy market poses specific issues. The first one is the involvement of aggregator/ auctioneer in trading procedures, which affects the energy trading as well as privacy of the EV owners. Second one is the auction mechanism should fulfill all critical economic properties, strategic and non-strategic constraints. In order to address these issues, a novel aggregator free mechanism is proposed in this paper allowing EVs to securely participate in the ancillary services market. A smart contract deployed in Blockchain is used for market-clearing. This paper proposes two kinds of implementation of auction-based ancillary services market in the distribution system. Through an extensive study performed on a hypothetical group of 76 561 EVs and 13 DisComs, it is found that the performance of the proposed scheme is superior in decentralized implementation compared to centralized implementation.