Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) aggregation is typically investigated in either quiescent or turbulent mixing conditions; neither is fully representative of dynamic natural environments.
Highlights
With the increasing global proliferation of commercial applications for nanomaterials, they are becoming increasingly released into the natural environment either accidentally in waste streams or deliberately within environmental clean-up, agronomy, and petroleum reservoir recovery applications.[1]
After ∼60 min, this thin layer is still noticeable, but begins to slowly diffuse into the bulk solution and after ∼90–100 min it is barely visible. These results suggest that the rotational regime can be considered as solid-body and the diffusion of dye is the only mechanism of mixing in the cylinder after ∼10–20 min
Shear rate (s−1) Dynamic viscosity of fluid (Pa s) Temperature (K) Density of primary particle Density of the medium Initial NP concentration Cylinder radius Cylinder length Sedimentation depth Angular velocity Reynolds number Radius of the primary particles, variable depending on the first non-zero bin of initial particle size distribution (PSD) Ionic strength pH Number of size classes, variable depending on broadness of the initial PSD Attachment efficiency
Summary
With the increasing global proliferation of commercial applications for nanomaterials, they are becoming increasingly released into the natural environment either accidentally in waste streams or deliberately within environmental clean-up, agronomy, and petroleum reservoir recovery applications.[1]. Environmental Science: Nano such particles can significantly affect their functionality and transport behaviour, in aqueous and porous media.[4,5,15] Despite the existence of many studies on homo- and hetero-aggregation of various nanoparticles (NP),[14,16,17,18,19,20,21] and abundant reports on the impacts of various factors on the aggregation behaviour of these NP,[22,23,24,25,26] it still remains a problem of how system dynamics modify aggregation It is of paramount importance in groundwater (GW) transport to understand how complex multi-cascade processes of advective and diffusive transport,[27,28,29,30] tortuosity in porous media,[31] and the arrival of aggregates from upgradient pores[32,33] impact the aggregation behaviour of NP. It is critical to investigate how resuspension phenomenon occurring within surface water (SW) bodies, such as lakes, river, and sea at various scales, influences the aggregation of NP in these environments.[34,35,36,37]
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