Abstract
Cross-limb transfer (CLT) describes the observation of bilateral performance gains due to unilateral motor practice. Previous research has suggested that CLT may be reduced, or absent, in older adults, possibly due to age-related structural and functional brain changes. Based on research showing increases in CLT due to the provision of mirror visual feedback (MVF) during task execution in young adults, our study aimed to investigate whether MVF can facilitate CLT in older adults, who are known to be more reliant on visual feedback for accurate motor performance. Participants (N = 53) engaged in a short-term training regime (300 movements) involving a ballistic finger task using their dominant hand, while being provided with either visual feedback of their active limb, or a mirror reflection of their active limb (superimposed over the quiescent limb). Performance in both limbs was examined before, during and following the unilateral training. Furthermore, we measured corticospinal excitability (using TMS) at these time points, and assessed muscle activity bilaterally during the task via EMG; these parameters were used to investigate the mechanisms mediating and predicting CLT. Training resulted in significant bilateral performance gains that did not differ as a result of age or visual feedback (both p > 0.1). Training also elicited bilateral increases in corticospinal excitability (p < 0.05). For younger adults, CLT was significantly predicted by performance gains in the trained hand (β = 0.47), whereas for older adults it was significantly predicted by mirror activity in the untrained hand during training (β = 0.60). The present study suggests that older adults are capable of exhibiting CLT to a similar degree to younger adults. The prominent role of mirror activity in the untrained hand for CLT in older adults indicates that bilateral cortical activity during unilateral motor tasks is a compensatory mechanism. In this particular task, MVF did not facilitate the extent of CLT.
Highlights
Unilateral training can induce performance increases in both the trained and untrained limb
Ageing is known to be associated with changes in motor performance, with increased bilateral activation during unilateral training observed across a number of tasks (Mattay et al, 2002; Ward and Frackowiak, 2003; Hinder et al, 2011)
As increased bilateral activation has been shown to be associated with enhanced motor performance in older adults (Mattay et al, 2002; Bodwell et al, 2003; Naccarato et al, 2006; Hinder et al, 2011) it was previously hypothesized that greater mirror activity may promote greater transfer in older adults
Summary
Unilateral training can induce performance increases in both the trained and untrained limb. Ageing is known to be associated with changes in motor performance (for an overview, see Seidler et al, 2010), with increased bilateral activation (at the cortical or muscle level) during unilateral training observed across a number of tasks (Mattay et al, 2002; Ward and Frackowiak, 2003; Hinder et al, 2011). Despite an increased level of mirror activity in the older adults, Hinder et al (2011) did not find a correlation between mirror activity and transfer and suggested the inability to regulate mirror activity may limit the transfer of motor skills in the advanced age
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