Abstract
AbstractBone marrow is a primary lymphoid organ which gives rise to leukocytes and provides maturation of B cells whereas thymus is also a primary lymphoid organ and promotes T cells maturation. Spleen and lymph nodes are secondary lymphoid organs with a favorable microenvironment for immune cells response to pathogenic materials present in blood/lymph and development of long-term adaptive immunity. Therefore, changes in the architecture of primary and secondary lymphoid organs during the ageing process can contribute for the impaired immune response to infections, vaccines, and tumors observed in old individuals. The literature is scarce in aged human lymphoid organs and most of the data are from post mortem or individuals submitted to some type of clinical procedure. Thus, data about lymphoid organs are mostly results of rodent investigation. Conflicting results in architecture and physiology between rodents and human can explain the differences in cells proportions and functions reported in literature. Nevertheless, even considering the limitation of data disposable, in this chapter, the focus will be human lymphoid changes during the ageing process. Considering the importance of lymphoid organs in infections, this chapter also reports data obtained in recent literature about COVID-19 and lymphoid organs.KeywordsLymphoid organsBone marrowThymusLymph nodesSpleen
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