Abstract
Nowadays, society and business rely heavily on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems, which are progressing faster than ever. To stay on pace with them, focus is shifted towards integration of individual ICT systems into complex systems, which offers more functionality than simply the sum of individual systems. In this regard, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) have gained significant importance and System-of-Systems (SoS) approach has been suggested for modeling complex CPSs to achieve a higher level goal, by dynamically building a large system with existing autonomous, and heterogeneous constituent systems (CSs). An important challenge in a system of Cyber-Physical Systems (SoCPSs) is to develop seamless collaboration between autonomous constituent-CPSs (CCPSs) to coordinate their operations. In this paper, we propose an agent based coordination mechanism to coordinate resource allocation and demand in SoCPSs. The approach models each CCPS as an agent and describes how multiple autonomous CCPSs, i.e., Virtual Power Plant (VPP), Commercial Greenhouse Growers (CGGs), communicate and collaborate with each other asynchronously through negotiation and how potential conflicts between CCPSs with conflicting goals are resolved. The efficacy of the proposed mechanism is validated through simulation of different real-world acyclic SoCPSs topologies. The results show that proposed approach is able to balance the individual requirements of multiple connected CPSs while achieving SoCPSs’ mission.
Highlights
The past few decades have given us enormous Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations with a clear indication that ICT advancements will continue at a rapid pace
We model a system of Cyber-Physical Systems (SoCPSs) as a Multi-Agent System (MAS) where each CCPS is modeled as an agent, constituent agent (CA), meant to achieve Strategic Goal (SG) associated with CCPS
We introduce a coefficient vector for E-Inter-Constituent Tactical Concern (ICTC), vn = {v1, n, v2, n, ...vt, n}, of all 1’s, which is multiplied to light plan issue ln, to get energy demand plan dn = {d1, n, d2, n, ...dt, n} for artificial light
Summary
The past few decades have given us enormous Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations with a clear indication that ICT advancements will continue at a rapid pace. Umair et al Energy Informatics 2021, 4(Suppl 2): in complex systems which need to be taken into consideration, i.e., heterogeneous interacting entities; interaction and coordination of autonomous entities with conflicting goals; adaptivity to changing environments (San Miguel et al 2012). In this regard, the concept of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) has gained a significant importance in recent years. The optimal design and operation of a CPS require these multiple objectives to be coordinated locally and a support for decision making among conflicting objectives
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