Abstract
The diaphragm muscle is the most important contractile district used for breathing. Like other muscles in the human body, it is subject to ageing and sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can be classified as primary (or age-related) when there are no local or systemic pathologies that cause a functional and morphological detriment of skeletal musculature. Secondary sarcopenia occurs when there is a cause or more pathological causes (illness, malnutrition, immobility) related or unrelated to ageing. In the elderly population, transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) decreases by 20-41%, with a decline in the overall strength of 30% (the strength of the expiratory muscles also decreases). The article discusses the adaptation of the diaphragm muscle to ageing and some other ailments and co-morbidities, such as back pain, emotional alterations, motor incoordination, and cognitive disorders, which are related to breathing.
Highlights
BackgroundThe European Union has the highest proportion of older people compared to other regions [1]
Malaysia will become a country of people who are predominantly elderly by 2035; In Mexico, the elderly population will have a higher percentage of growth than other Latin American countries by 2050 [5,6]
Tunisia is experiencing an increase in the elderly population and a decrease in overall population growth [7]
Summary
The European Union has the highest proportion of older people (over 65 years of age) compared to other regions [1]. Healthy elder sarcopenia leads to a decline in muscle coordination, along with decreased strength, speed of contraction, and depletion of muscle mass This altered contractile function leads to accidental trauma, such as falls. In light of available data, we can hypothesize a negative influence of the adaptation of the diaphragm muscle to the decline of certain functions, such as the motor incoordination of the limbs and a higher percentage of falls, as well as cognitive decline. Less blood perfusion in proximity to the brake or vagal drive plates could further alter their function [49] By combining all this information, we can strongly assume that the brake and vagal afferents from the diaphragm muscle, and those that arrive in limbic areas, will not properly solicit emotional areas in a physiological way, leading to potential mood changes
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