Abstract
In this paper, commercial lithium ion battery cells consisting of graphite based anode and LiNi0.80Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) oxide based cathode were investigated regarding their aging behavior. The capacity loss is dependent on the state of charge (SOC) whereas the battery is operated with partial cycles at defined SOCs. The structural change of the positive electrode material is identified as dominating aging process. Especially grid services such as primary control reserve are of economic interest for battery system operators. In this application, small charge and discharge cycles are the main operation mode. Considering the operation of single battery storage systems in a virtual storage power plant, different states of charges are much more of interest. Thus the battery aging behavior of lithium ion cells with NCA based cathode material with respect to cycling at specific state of charge with small depth of discharge (DOD) is investigated. The results in this paper provide understanding of small DOD cycling at given SOC behavior which is necessary for NCA lifetime prediction in this particular case, especially in virtual storage plant with various storage systems and thus various SOCs for delivery primary reserve the small DOD behavior which has an important impact on efficiency and economy. It is a key finding, which aging mechanisms are essential in order to optimize the cell operation and adapt it to system performance.
Highlights
The results in this paper provide understanding of small depth of discharge (DOD) cycling at given state of charge (SOC) behavior which is necessary for NCA lifetime prediction in this particular case, especially in virtual storage plant with various storage systems and various SOCs for delivery primary reserve the small DOD behavior which has an important impact on efficiency and economy
Two cells were cycled at 70% SOC with a DOD of 10% and a current of C/3 with an ambient temperature of 25 ̊C and two cells were cycled at 30% SOC by the same conditions
The study was performed with a graphite anode based lithium ion battery combined with a NCA oxide base cathode
Summary
Lithium ion batteries play a prominent role for energy storage and are an increa-. Based on the reasonable power and energy density of lithium ion batteries, they occupy a huge market share on consumer market like portable electronic devices (e.g. notebooks and tablets) [7]. Lithium ion storage is at the moment almost indispensable. Lithium ion batteries are more important than ever before [8]. Lithium ion batteries are used [9]. In combination with grid support, battery vehicles could even supply primary control reserve [10]
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