Abstract
Recent evidence from studies suggests that aged black garlic also has an effect on health. The major aim of the present study is to compare the effect of raw and aged black garlic on postischemic cardiac recovery. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Animals of the first group were fed with raw garlic, animals of the second group received aged black garlic, while the third group served as vehicle-treated controls. Upon conclusion of the treatment, isolated hearts were undertaken to ischemia/reperfusion. Heart function and infarct size were measured and the level of HO-1 and iNOS were studied. Superior postischemic cardiac function and reduced infarct size in both garlic treated groups compared to the drug-free control group, indicated cardioprotective effects. However, no significant differences between the garlic treated groups were observed. Western blot analysis revealed that raw garlic enhanced the level of HO-1 before ischemia, while in ischemic samples, we found elevated HO-1 expression in both garlic treated groups. The level of iNOS was the same before ischemia in all groups, however, a markedly reduced iNOS level in ischemic/reperfused hearts originating from control and raw garlic treated animals was observed. Samples from aged black garlic treated animals demonstrated that the level of iNOS was not significantly reduced after ischemia/reperfusion. Taken together these results indicate that not only raw but also aged black garlic possess a cardioprotective effect.
Highlights
Raw garlic (RG) has a long history as a spice and as a medical plant
The Maillard reaction occurred, which was evidenced by the presence of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in Aged black garlic” (ABG) and its absence in raw garlic
During the aging process, when garlic is exposed to a relatively high temperature (70 ◦C) and high humidity, the major sulfur-containing compound γ-glutamyl cysteine is converted to S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAC), which is a major water-soluble antioxidant compound of ABG [12]
Summary
Raw garlic (RG) has a long history as a spice and as a medical plant. It is mentioned in ancient literature from different parts of the Word including Egypt, India and Greece. Different cultures without any connection were associated with similar beneficial effects on for garlic, as summarized by Rivlin [1]. An example is ancient athletes during Olympic Games used garlic to enhance their endurance. Garlic bulbs were found in the pyramid of Tutankhamen [2]. Many health-related effects were later confirmed by modern evidence-based medicine. Recent evidence suggests that a processed form of garlic called “Aged black garlic” (ABG) possesses beneficial to health properties including antidiabetic and antiatherogenic effects [3]
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