Abstract
IntroductionCritical care patients frequently receive blood transfusions. Some reports show an association between aged or stored blood and increased morbidity and mortality, including the development of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). However, the existence of conflicting data endorses the need for research to either reject this association, or to confirm it and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.MethodsTwenty-eight sheep were randomised into two groups, receiving saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Sheep were further randomised to also receive transfusion of pooled and heat-inactivated supernatant from fresh (Day 1) or stored (Day 42) non-leucoreduced human packed red blood cells (PRBC) or an infusion of saline. TRALI was defined by hypoxaemia during or within two hours of transfusion and histological evidence of pulmonary oedema. Regression modelling compared physiology between groups, and to a previous study, using stored platelet concentrates (PLT). Samples of the transfused blood products also underwent cytokine array and biochemical analyses, and their neutrophil priming ability was measured in vitro.ResultsTRALI did not develop in sheep that first received saline-infusion. In contrast, 80% of sheep that first received LPS-infusion developed TRALI following transfusion with "stored PRBC." The decreased mean arterial pressure and cardiac output as well as increased central venous pressure and body temperature were more severe for TRALI induced by "stored PRBC" than by "stored PLT." Storage-related accumulation of several factors was demonstrated in both "stored PRBC" and "stored PLT", and was associated with increased in vitro neutrophil priming. Concentrations of several factors were higher in the "stored PRBC" than in the "stored PLT," however, there was no difference to neutrophil priming in vitro.ConclusionsIn this in vivo ovine model, both recipient and blood product factors contributed to the development of TRALI. Sick (LPS infused) sheep rather than healthy (saline infused) sheep predominantly developed TRALI when transfused with supernatant from stored but not fresh PRBC. "Stored PRBC" induced a more severe injury than "stored PLT" and had a different storage lesion profile, suggesting that these outcomes may be associated with storage lesion factors unique to each blood product type. Therefore, the transfusion of fresh rather than stored PRBC may minimise the risk of TRALI.
Highlights
Critical care patients frequently receive blood transfusions
Another prospective study reported an incidence of transfusionrelated acute lung injury (TRALI) of 29% in end-stage liver disease (ESLD) patients admitted to critical care with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, suggesting that particular patient groups within the critical care setting may be at further risk of TRALI [25]
Using an established in vivo ovine model, this study investigated the hypotheses that: (i) both recipient factors (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusion to approximate clinical infection) and blood product factors would be required to induce TRALI, and (ii) that differences in the storage lesions of packed red blood cell (PRBC) and platelet concentrates (PLT) would result in differences in the haemodynamic and respiratory changes associated with the development of TRALI
Summary
Some reports show an association between aged or stored blood and increased morbidity and mortality, including the development of transfusionrelated acute lung injury (TRALI). Several studies have identified the age of transfused packed red blood cell (PRBC) units as an independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality [1,2,3,4], including in the critical care setting [5,6]. A prospective study, which was not limited by the under-diagnosis and under-reporting inherent to haemo-vigilance programs, described the incidence of TRALI in the critical care setting as 8% [23], while a retrospective study described an incidence of 5% [24]. The normal rate of mortality in cases of TRALI is estimated to be 5 to 10% [16]; it may be higher in critical care patients as a mortality rate of 41% has been reported, this was not adjusted for the influence of other morbidities [23]
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