Abstract
Cerebral hemorrhages are common features of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their presence is associated with chronic disabilities. Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggests that haptoglobin (Hp), an endogenous hemoglobin-binding protein most abundant in blood plasma, is involved in the intrinsic molecular defensive mechanism, though its role in TBI is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Hp deletion on the anatomical and behavioral outcomes in the controlled cortical impact model using wildtype (WT) C57BL/6 mice and genetically modified mice lacking the Hp gene (Hp−∕−) in two age cohorts [2–4 mo-old (young adult) and 7–8 mo-old (older adult)]. The data obtained suggest age-dependent significant effects on behavioral and anatomical TBI outcomes and recovery from injury. Moreover, in the adult cohort, neurological deficits in Hp−∕− mice at 24 h were significantly improved compared to WT, whereas there were no significant differences in brain pathology between these genotypes. In contrast, in the older adult cohort, Hp−∕− mice had significantly larger lesion volumes compared to WT, but neurological deficits were not significantly different. Immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) revealed significant differences in microglial and astrocytic reactivity between Hp−∕− and WT in selected brain regions of the adult but not the older adult-aged cohort. In conclusion, the data obtained in the study provide clarification on the age-dependent aspects of the intrinsic defensive mechanisms involving Hp that might be involved in complex pathways differentially affecting acute brain trauma outcomes.
Highlights
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide with no current effective treatment
The median values were similar at both time points (7 and 8), the Neurological Deficit Score (NDS) 48 h after cortical impact (CCI) was characterized by increased variability (IQRs: 2–5 and 0–10 24 and 48 h after surgery, respectively)
This study examined for the first time the potential roles of the Hp pathway in TBI using two age cohorts of WT and Hp−/− mice
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide with no current effective treatment. One of the critical mechanisms involved in deactivation of cell-free hemoglobin in the mammalian body during the hemorrhagic event is formation of highly stable complexes of hemoglobin with haptoglobin (Hp)—an endogenous hemoglobin-binding protein present in blood plasma and almost absent within the brain itself (Wada et al, 1970; Philippidis et al, 2004; Schaer et al, 2006)—and subsequent clearance of the Hp-hemoglobin complexes primarily by tissue macrophages and circulating monocytes, and likely by other cell types such as astrocytes and microglial cells that are mediated via CD163 (Liu and Sturner, 1988; D’Armiento et al, 1997; Ascenzi et al, 2005; Schaer et al, 2005, 2007; Zhang et al, 2012) At this point, the contribution of Hp to acute brain injury is still not fully understood (D’Armiento et al, 1997)
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