Abstract
The Yellow-faced Parrot Alipiopsitta xanthops presents considerable phenotypic variation with a belly coloration that may vary from green to yellow-red. Though it has been hypothesized that this variation could be related to sex or age, these possibilities remain untested. We therefore tested these hypotheses by verifying geographical, sexual, and age-related trends in coloration based on museum specimens, wild populations, and captive developing juvenile birds. We found colored belly parrots (CBP) throughout the species distribution of A. xanthops. We found no differences in the proportion of CBP individuals between the two wild populations sampled (overall mean of 8.7%), but the proportion of CBP in museums was higher (32%) indicating that specimens were probably not randomly collected. We also found a skewed sex ratio in museums, as females represented only 25% of the specimens. We found that 37% of museum males had colored bellies, in contrast with only 18% of females; furthermore, colored bellied males presented a greater area of yellow-red patch on their bodies. None of the 16 observed fledglings presented colored bellies. The yellow head coloration slowly grew over the 14 days of observation of 16 nestlings. Together, our results suggest that color variation in the Yellow- faced Parrot seems to be related to both age and gender.
Highlights
Among the myriad explanations for bird plumage variation, sexual selection is the most studied (Savalli 1995)
We found colored belly parrots (CBP) throughout the species distribution of A. xanthops
We found no differences in the proportion of CBP individuals between the two wild populations sampled, but the proportion of CBP in museums was higher (32%) indicating that specimens were probably not randomly collected
Summary
Among the myriad explanations for bird plumage variation, sexual selection is the most studied (Savalli 1995). Unlike most birds that sediment carotenoidbased compounds on their feathers, most Psittacidae derive their yellow-red coloration from psittacofulvins, a family of lipochromes pigments found exclusively within the family (McGraw & Nogare 2005). Unlike carotenoids (the pigments responsible for similar colors in most avian species), which are obtained through the diet, psittacofulvins seem to be endogenously produced. Parrots are very unlikely to absorb the pigments directly from diet, especially if we consider that no pigment was found in blood samples of 44 Psittacidae species (McGraw & Nogare 2005), or that most species maintain their color in captivity despite diet restrictions (Nemesio 2001)
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