Abstract
Prevention and control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe, Asia, and Africa seem to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, its high resistance to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis. Biological properties of ASFV indicate that the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic will continue to develop and that only the implementation of an effective and safe vaccine will ensure a reduction in the spread of ASFV. At present, vaccines against ASF are not available. The latest approaches to the ASFV vaccine’s design concentrate on the development of either modified live vaccines by targeted gene deletion from different isolates or subunit vaccines. The construction of an effective vaccine is hindered by the complex structure of the virus, the lack of an effective continuous cell line for the isolation and propagation of ASFV, unpredictable and stain-specific phenotypes after the genetic modification of ASFV, a risk of reversion to virulence, and our current inability to differentiate infected animals from vaccinated ones. Moreover, the design of vaccines intended for wild boars and oral administration is desirable. Despite several obstacles, the design of a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV seems to be achievable.
Highlights
The second decade of the 21st century was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic in humans, and by the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and other free-ranging suids
African swine fever, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which belongs to the Asfivirus genus and the Asfaviridae family, is a dangerous, fatal viral disease that occurs in domestic pigs and wild boars and has had a significant negative impact on the global swine industry [1,2,3]
While at least 24 ASF genotypes have been identified to be naturally circulating in Africa, all cases of the spread of ASFV since 2007 into Asia and Europe are a part of a single epizootic of genotype II [3]
Summary
The second decade of the 21st century was marked by the COVID-19 pandemic in humans, and by the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and other free-ranging suids. In China, which produces about 53% of the world’s pork, production dropped by 29.1% Such losses from the ASF pandemic have tremendous consequences for the international trade of pig products [4]. In the face of multidirectional opportunities for virus transmission, pig farms should be isolated from the outside world. These strategies are insufficient and difficult or impossible to implement in countries regardless of the available resources [7,8,9]. Controlling ASFV in Europe, Asia, and Africa seems to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, the high resistance of AFSV to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis [7]. Research around the world is making the development of an effective ASF vaccine more probable
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