Abstract
The aflatoxin producing fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius, although they are also produced by other species of Aspergillus as well as by Emericella spp.(Telemorph). There are many types of aflatoxins, but the four main ones are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2, while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) are the hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2. Aflatoxin B1, which is a genotoxic hepatocarcinogen, which presumptively causes cancer by inducing DNA, adducts leading to genetic changes in target liver cells. Cytochrome-P450 enzymes to the reactive intermediate AFB1–8, 9 epoxide (AFBO) which binds to liver cell DNA, resulting in DNA adducts, metabolize AFB1 Ingestion of contaminated food is the main source of exposure to aflatoxins, which adversely affect the health of both humans and animals. The compounds can cause acute or chronic toxic effects of a teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic or hepatotoxic character. You can reduce your aflatoxin exposure by buying only major commercial brands of food and by discarding that look moldy, discolored, or shriveled.
Highlights
Aflatoxins are a type of toxins produced by Aspergillus species, including A. flavus Link, A. parasiticus Speare, and A. nomius Kurtzman, Horn and Hesseltine
Restoration of function by complementation often restores normal growth of sclerotia. These findings indicate that the synthesis of aflatoxin and fungal growth may be related
The findings showed that human liver cancer is associated with a particular biomarker for aflatoxin and that HBV and aflatoxin B1 interact as risk factors for liver cancer [74]
Summary
Aflatoxins are a type of toxins produced by Aspergillus species, including A. flavus Link, A. parasiticus Speare, and A. nomius Kurtzman, Horn and Hesseltine. These toxins are responsible for harming 25 percent of the food crops in the world. The fungi produce both pre- and post-harvest contaminant toxins. Aflatoxin is responsible for major economic losses to agriculture in the United States and other developed countries, but aflatoxins cause human and animal disease in developing countries where the use of contaminated grain cannot always be avoided. To today from the 1990s, A number of clinical reports have been published on the toxicological issues caused by aflatoxins, concentrating mainly on the molecular biology of aflatoxin in both host and fungus, aflatoxin control by traditional breeding, and genetic engineering to develop resistant aflatoxin
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