Abstract
The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is frequently contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites – bifuran coumarins – produced by the fungi Aspergillus spp. AFs cause damage in animals and humans, including bleeding, vomiting, abortions, malformations, diarrhea and death. AFs can cause chronic liver damage and different cancers, immunosuppression, Reye’s syndrome, kwashiorkor and marasmus. For the present research, 58 samples of peanut were obtained: 48 were purchased from the three major markets of the 16 boroughs of Mexico City, and eight samples from Turkey and two from India were used for comparison. The extraction and quantification methods for AFs in peanut were validated. AFs from 25 g peanut samples were extracted with 100 mL of methanol/water (80:20 v/v) with one gram of salt. The roles of sample origin and types of AF were compared, and their significance was obtained through statistical analysis using the non-parametric Wilcoxon/Kruskal-Wallis tests. The limits of detection of AF (ng g-1) obtained from the calibration curves were AFB1 (0.1), AFB2 (0.01), AFG1 (0.01) and AFG2 (0.05). The results indicated that of the 58 samples, 80% were contaminated with AFB1, and all of them had total aflatoxins (AFt). The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference for AFB1, with the highest concentration of 44 μg kg-1 found in the Gustavo A. Madero Mexican borough. For AFB2, the highest concentration was 80 μg kg-1 from the Benito Juarez Mexican borough. Only traces of AFG1 were detected, with the highest of 0.64 μg kg-1 from the Tlahuac Mexican borough. Only traces of AFG2 were present. All samples had an average AFt of 8.53 μg kg-1.
Highlights
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are plants of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family that are sown and produced on 20 million hectares worldwide [1]
The aim of the present study is to identify and quantify the AFs (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) in 48 Mexican natural peanut samples from the three most representative markets of the 16 boroughs of Mexico City and from 10 samples from Istanbul, Turkey, and Bhopal, India, for comparison
A representative sampling of the three main markets in each one of the 16 boroughs of Mexico City was conducted from August 30 to September 27, 2012, with 100 g of natural peanuts purchased per sample, which were labeled and weighed
Summary
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) are plants of the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family that are sown and produced on 20 million hectares worldwide [1]. The global production of peanut was 39.67 million tons from 2015 to 2016 [2]. The largest peanut producer in the world is China, with 39% of the total production, followed by India, Nigeria and the United States of America [2]. In Mexico in 2014, peanut was sown on 59,414.83 Ha, with an average yearly production of 1.63 ton/ Ha and a total production of 96,346.21 tons [3]. The peanut producer states in Mexico are Sinaloa (27,638.76 tons), Chihuahua (17,579.65 tons), Chiapas (12,015.63 tons), Oaxaca (10,263.83 tons), and Puebla (8,834 tons), accounting for 78% of the land dedicated to this crop [4,5] (Figure 1)
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