Aflatoxin levels in maize and peanut and blood in women and children: The case of Timor-Leste

Luis De Almeida,Graeme Wright,William Erskine,Harry Nesbitt,Dirce M Soares,Robert Williams

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49584-1

Luis De Almeida, Graeme Wright + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49584-1

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Abstract

Aflatoxins are toxic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp. with carcinogenic properties that are a common food contaminant of many crops including maize and peanuts. In Timor-Leste malnutrition and children’s stunting are frequent and maize and peanuts are staple foods. This study aimed to provide information on aflatoxin exposure nationally. The study measured levels of aflatoxin in locally-produced maize and peanuts (296 samples) and of aflatoxin-albumin conjugate in blood samples of women and young children (514 and 620 respectively) across all municipalities. The average concentration of aflatoxin in the grain samples was low with most maize (88%) and peanut (92%) samples - lower than European Commission tolerated aflatoxin level. Although aflatoxin–albumin conjugate was detected in more than 80% of blood samples, the average concentration in children and adults of 0.64 and 0.98 pg mg−1 alb, respectively, is much lower than in other similar rural-based countries. Although low in concentration, blood aflatoxin levels and aflatoxin contamination levels in maize across municipalities were correlated significantly for mothers (R2 = 37%, n = 495) but not for children (R2 = 10%). It is unlikely that the consumption of aflatoxin contaminated grain is a causative factor in the current level of malnutrition and stunting affecting Timor-Leste children.

Highlights

Aflatoxin-affected grain presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming
Specific regulations related to aflatoxin contamination have been implemented by several countries to minimize the risk in food products – maize and peanuts[2,5,6,7]
Aflatoxins have been widely recognized as a group of chemically similar, toxic fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus sp.[3,5,9]

Summary

Introduction

Aflatoxin-affected grain presents a major global health issue to both commercial and subsistence farming. The filamentous fungus Aspergillus can grow on grains before harvest and in storage to contaminate a wide range of food crops including maize, peanuts, nuts, spices, fruits and their products[4,6,16]. Among such hosts of the fungus, maize is the most important food staple in Timor-Leste and peanuts provide a major source of protein to the population’s diet[17,18,19]. The rural population of Timor-Leste predominately comprises www.nature.com/scientificreports/

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