Affective Ratings of Nonverbal Vocalizations Produced by Minimally-Speaking Individuals: What Do Naive Listeners Perceive?

Abstract

Individuals who produce few spoken words (“minimally-speaking” individuals) often convey rich affective and communicative information through nonverbal vocalizations, such as grunts, yells, babbles, and monosyllabic expressions. Yet, little data exists on the affective content of the vocal expressions of this population. Here, we present 78,624 arousal and valence ratings of nonverbal vocalizations from the online ReCANVo (Real-World Communicative and Affective Nonverbal Vocalizations) database. This dataset contains over 7,000 vocalizations that have been labeled with their expressive functions (delight, frustration, etc.) from eight minimally-speaking individuals. Our results suggest that raters who have no knowledge of the context or meaning of a nonverbal vocalization are still able to detect arousal and valence differences between different types of vocalizations based on Likert-scale ratings. Moreover, these ratings are consistent with hypothesized arousal and valence rankings for the different vocalization types. Raters are also able to detect arousal and valence differences between different vocalization types within individual speakers. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale analysis of affective content within nonverbal vocalizations from minimally verbal individuals. These results complement affective computing research of nonverbal vocalizations that occur within typical verbal speech (e.g., grunts, sighs) and serve as a foundation for further understanding of how humans perceive emotions in sounds.