Aerobic degradation and the effect of hexabromocyclododecane by soil microbial communities in Taiwan

Abstract

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is one of the most frequently used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in the industries nowadays. Despite being listed as persistent organic pollutant (POP), it is still in use until 2025. Because of its bio-accumulative and toxic characteristics, the applicable remediation approach is required. The aim of this study is to identify the microbial community from soil with HBCD degradation ability. The soil suspension and soil samples from Chiang Chun Soil and River Bank Soil showed to degrade HBCD by 60% 4 days after treatment, the debromination ratio was around 60%, and the total HBCD removal ratio reached 70% and 77.9%, respectively. The HBCD debromination metabolites, and oxidation metabolites were identified by GC–MS. The microbial taxonomic diversity was observed with DGGE approach to evaluate the effect of HBCD of microbial community. Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. were identified as the dominant microbes in the Chiang Chun Soil, but the amount of Bacillus spp. were showed to be affected by HBCD. In conclusion, HBCD could be removed by the microbial consortium in soil under aerobic culturing condition by various metabolic pathways.